
handle: 10578/22920
Hoy en día, el papel que juega la microbiota intestinal en la salud es un aspecto de gran interés. Uno de los enfoques actuales más utilizados en la modulación de su equilibrio se basa en la administración de probióticos. El trabajo realizado en la presente Tesis Doctoral ha consistido en la selección de levaduras con potencial probiótico mediante un "enfoque paso a paso" que ha permitido la elección de la cepa más adecuada para su uso en el área de los alimentos funcionales. El estudio se llevó a cabo con 357 levaduras (142 Saccharomyces y 215 no-Saccharomyces) procedentes de ambientes alimentarios (vinos, quesos, aceites, encurtidos y destilados, entre otros). Como primer paso, se identificaron a nivel de cepa solo los aislados no-Saccharomyces, ya que de todas las Saccharomyces se disponía de esa información. A continuación, se puso a punto un protocolo para seleccionar aquellas capaces de resistir condiciones gástricas e intestinales. Con las 69 cepas que superaron dicho screening, se realizaron ensayos de autoagregación e hidrofobicidad, como inicio del estudio de las propiedades de adhesión, que permitieron seleccionar las 20 mejores (10 Saccharomyces y 10 no-Saccharomyces). Para profundizar en dicho estudio, se evaluó, in vitro, la capacidad de formación de biopelículas y de adhesión de las levaduras a células Caco-2/TC7. Seguidamente, se llevaron a cabo pruebas biotecnológicas para estudiar posibles efectos beneficiosos mediante la producción de metabolitos y enzimas extracelulares, asimilación de colesterol, propiedades antimicrobianas y resistencia a compuestos antimicrobianos. Se realizaron pruebas de atenuación, para la posible incorporación de las levaduras en un alimento. Todos los parámetros analizados permitieron la elección de cinco levaduras: dos Saccharomyces cerevisiae, otras dos Hanseniaspora osmophila y una Kluyveromyces thermotolerans (actualmente renombrada como Lachancea thermotolerans). Se reevaluaron sus propiedades de resistencia gastrointestinal a través de un equipo (simgi®) que, de forma dinámica y totalmente monitorizada, simula las distintas variables fisiológicas (movimientos peristálticos, fluidos gastrointestinales, regulación del pH, etc.). Dicho ensayo permitió seleccionar las cepas con mayor resistencia ante estas condiciones, S. cerevisiae 3 y H. osmophila 1056, con las que se realizó un experimento in vivo con ratones, para estudiar la repoblación de la microbiota intestinal tras una perturbación en la homeostasis provocada por el empleo de antibióticos. Para ello se evaluó la presencia de lactobacilos y enterococos en las heces, así como el tipo de colonización de las cepas de levadura probadas. Como último paso, se diseñó un alimento funcional probiótico. Las cepas se liofilizaron optimizando las condiciones del proceso mediante el estudio de la viabilidad celular. Como resultado, la cepa Saccharomyces cerevisiae 3 se introdujo en un alimento del que se conoció su aceptación por parte del consumidor mediante un análisis sensorial. Además, se evaluaron los parámetros cinéticos de la levadura en la matriz y se compararon con los de la microbiota encontrada en otros alimentos y suplementos probióticos comerciales. Nowadays, the role played by the gut microbiota in health is an aspect of great interest. One of the current approaches most used in the modulation of its balance is based on the administration of probiotics. The work carried out in this Doctoral Thesis has consisted of the selection of yeasts with great probiotic potential through a "step by step approach", which has allowed the choice of the most suitable strain for use in the area of functional foods. The study was carried out with 357 yeasts (142 Saccharomyces and 215 non-Saccharomyces) from food environments (wines, cheeses, oils, pickles and distillates among others). As a first step, isolates of non-Saccharomyces were identified at strain level, since all of the starting Saccharomyces had already been identified. Next, a protocol was prepared to select those capable of resisting gastric and intestinal conditions. With the 69 strains that overcame this screening, auto-aggregation and hydrophobicity tests were carried out as the beginning of the study of adhesion properties, which allowed selecting the best 20 (10 Saccharomyces and 10 non-Saccharomyces). To enhance this study, the capacity of biofilm formation and adhesion of yeasts to Caco-2/TC7 cells was evaluated in vitro. Following this, biotechnological tests were carried out to study possible beneficial effects through the production of metabolites and extracellular enzymes, the assimilation of cholesterol and properties and resistance to antimicrobial compounds, as well as tests of attenuation, for the possible incorporation of the yeasts in a food. All parameters analysed allowed the selection of five strains: two Saccharomyces cerevisiae, two Hanseniaspora osmophila and one Kluyveromyces thermotolerans (recently renamed Lachancea thermotolerans). Their gastrointestinal resistance properties were reassessed through a machine (simgi®), which allows the dynamic and fully monitored emulation of the different physiological variables (peristaltic movements, gastrointestinal fluids, pH regulation, etc.). This trial allowed the selection of strains with greater resistance to these conditions; S. cerevisiae 3 and H. osmophila 1056. With these strains an experiment was carried out in vivo with mice to study the repopulation of the intestinal microbiota after a disturbance in the homeostasis caused by the use of antibiotics. For this purpose, the presence of lactobacilli and enterococci in the faeces was evaluated, and the type of colonisation of the yeast strains was also tested. As a last step, a functional probiotic food was designed. The strains were lyophilized optimizing the process conditions by studying the cell viability. The strains were lyophilized optimizing the process conditions by studying the cell viability. As a result, the strain Saccharomyces cerevisiae 3 was introduced into a food, whose acceptability by the consumer was determined through a sensory analysis. In addition, the kinetic parameters of the yeast in the matrix were evaluated and compared with those of the microbiota found in other foods and commercial probiotic supplements. The results obtained were satisfactory
Ciencias químicas
Ciencias químicas
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