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Implantes inmediatos a la exodoncia: Situación actual

Authors: Peñarrocha, Miguel; Uribe, Roberto; Balaguer, José;

Implantes inmediatos a la exodoncia: Situación actual

Abstract

Los implantes inmediatos son insertados en el mismo acto quirúrgico en el cual se extrae el diente a sustituir. Su porcentaje de éxito varía según diferentes autores entre un 92,7 % y 98,0 %. Su principal indicación es la sustitución de dientes con patologías sin posibilidad de tratamiento. Entre sus ventajas, respecto a los implantes diferidos, están el disminuir la reabsorción ósea del alvéolo post-extracción, el acortar el tiempo de tratamiento rehabilitador y evitar una segunda cirugía de implantación. Como inconvenientes están el requerir, generalmente, técnicas de regeneración ósea guiada con membranas, con el riesgo de exposición e infección de la misma; y la necesidad de injertos mucogingivales para el cierre del alvéolo y/o cubrir las membranas. Los requisitos quirúrgicos incluyen una exodoncia con el menor trauma posible, respetar las paredes alveolares y un curetaje alveolar minucioso que elimine todo tejido patológico. La estabilidad primaria es un requisito fundamental, se obtiene con una implantación que sobrepase en 3-5 mm el ápice alveolar o un implante de mayor diámetro que el alvéolo remanente. Una emergencia estética, en la zona anterior, se consigue insertando el implante subcrestalmente entre 1-3 mm. Respecto a la regeneración ósea guiada del alvéolo, no existe un consenso entre los diferentes autores en cuanto a la utilización de membranas y el tipo de material de relleno. El cierre primario de la herida es algo deseable aunque para algunos autores no tiene gran relevancia.

Immediate implants are positioned in the course of surgical extraction of the tooth to be replaced. The percentage success of such procedures varies among authors from 92.7-98.0%. The main indication of immediate implantation is the replacement of teeth with pathologies not amenable to treatment. Its advantages with respect to delayed implantation include reduced post-extraction alveolar bone resorption, a shortening of the rehabilitation treatment time, and the avoidance of a second surgical intervention. The inconveniences in turn comprise a general requirement for membrane-guided bone regeneration techniques, with the associated risk of exposure and infection, and the need for mucogingival grafts to seal the socket space and/or cover the membranes. The surgical requirements for immediate implantation include extraction with the least trauma possible, preservation of the extraction socket walls and thorough alveolar curettage to eliminate all pathological material. Primary stability is an essential requirement, and is achieved with an implant exceeding the alveolar apex by 3-5 mm, or by placing an implant of greater diameter than the remnant alveolus. Esthetic emergence in the anterior zone is achieved by 1-3 mm sub-crest implantation. Regarding guided regeneration of the alveolar bone, the literature lacks consensus on the use of membranes and the type of filler material required. While primary wound closure is desirable, some authors do not consider it to be of great relevance.

Keywords

implantes inmediatos, Implantes dentales, Dental implants, UNESCO::CIENCIAS MÉDICAS, Odontología, :CIENCIAS MÉDICAS [UNESCO], Ciencias de la salud, immediate implants

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
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