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Respuestas fisiológicas de los vegetales a la salinidad

Authors: García del Moral Garrido, Luis F.;

Respuestas fisiológicas de los vegetales a la salinidad

Abstract

Se revisan las principales modificaciones que un exceso de sales en el suelo induce sobre la fisiología de los vegetales, así como las características que permiten a ciertas plantas vivir y crecer en ambientes salinos. Los efectos fisiológicos provocados por la salinidad pueden ser resumidos como: (a) déficit hídrico, consecuencia del potencial hídrico más negativo del medio radical causado por los iones salinos en exceso; (b) alteraciones en el balance iónico interno, ya que los iones sodio y cloro en exceso pueden disminuir la absorción de potasio, nitratos y fosfatos o bien alterar su distribución en la planta; y (c) fenómenos de toxicidad, generalmente asociados con la masiva absorción de iones sodio y cloro. La resistencia a la salinidad puede ser conseguida tanto por evitación de sus efectos, basada en excluir, expulsar o diluir los iones salinos en exceso; como por tolerancia, adquirida mediante un alto grado de compartimentación de los iones absorbidos, así como por una adecuada osmorregulación entre vacuola y citoplasma mediante acumulación en este último de solutos orgánicos compatibles.

In this review, the main features induced by a salt excess in the soil on the physiology of higher plants, as well as the mechanisms of resistance to satine conditions, are discussed. The physiological effects of salinity may be described as: (a) water stress, arising from the more negative water potential of the rooting medium caused by saline ions; (b) nutrient ion imbalance, when the excess of sodium or chloride leads to a diminished uptake or impared internal distribution of potassium, nitrates or phosphates; and (c) specific ion toxicity, usually associated with excessive chloride or sodium uptake. Salinity resis tance may be acquired by means of avoidance mechanisms, based on excluding extruding or diluting the excess of saline ions, or by tolerarice mechanisms, based on a high degree of intracellular compartimentation of absorbed ions, and on an adequate osmorregulation between vacuole and cytoplasm obttained by accumulation of compatible organic solutes in the cytoplasm.

Country
Spain
Related Organizations
Keywords

avoidance, Salinity, adaptaciones fisiológicas, tolerance, Salinidad, evitación, physiological adaptations, tolerancia

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citations
The total number of citations received by all articles of the researcher of interest.
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
Average
Average
Green