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Realismo metafísico e realismo moral: um argumento sobre a influência moral da ficção

Authors: Silveira, Tiago Pais Vassallo Dordio da;

Realismo metafísico e realismo moral: um argumento sobre a influência moral da ficção

Abstract

The main issue presented by moral realism concerns the factual reality that exists outside of our mind and bodies and for which we need to find a linguistic and epistemological description. John Searle thinks that the impossibility of reducing certain facts to an epistemic description poses, however, a serious problem in relation to the notion of truth as correspondence to reality, which is usually associated with metaphysical realism. Without challenging the importance of this notion of correspondence, I propose, as the main objective of this research, to demonstrate that the term and concept of good is such as we are unable to describe in linguistic and epistemic terms. Reasons will be given in support of the thesis that this happens because the concept of good is unknowable in principle (Plato) and also simple and incapable of being analysed (G. E. Moore). The factual existence of moral values cannot, however, be denied, because the impossibility of an epistemic description does not mean necessarily the non-existence moral facts. I will therefore defend the existence of the concept of good as something that is objective and uniform, and in which other objects participate. In the second part of this research, I endeavour to deal with the following paradox: namely, that which results from assuming the existence of moral facts while, at the same time, asserting that the best way to perceive those values is through the reading of fiction and engaging with fictional characters, objects whose terms have no denotation. Bearing in mind the importance to be accorded to aesthetic experience as an element that promotes moral reasoning and thinking, I likewise intend to take into consideration the Aristotelian association between ethos and pathos. Following Plato’s moral philosophy, I further propose to examine the manner in which, at a certain moment, virtue equals beauty. In other words, echoing the English philosopher Iris Murdoch, I shall maintain that it is possible to make the analogy between what is virtuous and what is beautiful. Plato’s condemnation of art results from the assumption that the nature of art is in itself degraded from the ontological point of view. By giving the correct value to the previously discussed aspect of Plato’s ethics and aesthetics, I will be able to overcome the difficulty posed by this assumption.

O problema central do realismo moral diz respeito à existência duma realidade factual, exterior à mente e ao sujeito, e para a qual se deve procurar estabelecer uma descrição linguística e epistemológica. John Searle nota por isso que a impossibilidade de reduzir alguns factos a uma descrição constitui um problema para a noção de verdade como correspondência com a realidade, geralmente associada ao realismo metafísico. Sem negar a relevância desta noção de correspondência, o propósito desta investigação será o de pretender demonstrar que o termo e o conceito de bem se encontram entre este conjunto de entidades insuscetíveis de redução linguística. Tentar-se-á sustentar que tal facto se deve, tanto à incognoscibilidade do conceito (Platão), como à sua natureza simples e inanalisável (G. E. Moore). A existência factual dos valores morais não é, contudo, negada, na medida em que a inexistência da descrição epistemológica não coincide necessariamente com a inexistência do facto. Defenderei por isso a existência do conceito de bem enquanto algo objetivo e uniforme, e do qual as restantes participam. A segunda parte desta investigação visará ultrapassar o aparente paradoxo que consiste em atribuir existência factual aos valores morais enquanto, simultaneamente, se concede que a melhor forma de os percecionar passa pela leitura de ficção e pelo encontro com personagens cujos termos não têm denotação. Na medida em que se valoriza a experiência estética enquanto ingrediente que promove a avaliação moral, toma-se como válida uma associação ethos-pathos de pendor marcadamente aristotélico. Já a introdução da filosofia de Platão neste argumento pretenderá salientar um momento muito particular da arte e da experiência estética no qual se torna possível aquilo que Iris Murdoch considera ser a analogia entre beleza e virtude. A valorização deste aspeto na ética e estética de Platão permitirá suprir a dificuldade de encontrarmos em Platão uma condenação da arte, resultante da sua natureza ontologicamente degradada.

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Portugal
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Keywords

Teses de mestrado - 2015, Realismo moral, Realismo (Filosofia), Teoria literária, Teoria da literatura

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
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