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Greenwashing and Corporate Accountability

A Comparative Legal Analysis of the Greenwashing Phenomenon in the EU, US, and Brazil
Authors: Weber, Victoria Elimelek de;

Greenwashing and Corporate Accountability

Abstract

O greenwashing tem se tornado um desafio significativo na economia global contemporânea, à medida que empresas utilizam alegações/propagandas ambientais enganosas para melhorar sua imagem pública sem adotar práticas efetivas de sustentabilidade. A ideia central desta tese é analisar o papel do legislativo e do judiciário no combate ao greenwashing a partir de uma perspectiva unificada, garantindo coerência no quadro analítico entre as diferentes jurisdições. Esta dissertação conduz uma análise comparativa dos marcos regulatórios e da jurisprudência sobre greenwashing na União Europeia, Estados Unidos e Brasil, investigando como diferentes jurisdições definem, regulam e aplicam sanções contra práticas enganosas de marketing ambiental. O estudo examina instrumentos legislativoschave, como a Diretiva Europeia de Alegações Ambientais (Green Claims Directive), os Green Guides da Comissão Federal de Comércio dos EUA (FTC) e a legislação brasileira de proteção ao consumidor, destacando a evolução dos mecanismos de aplicação e decisões judiciais que moldam a responsabilidade corporativa. A pesquisa revisa casos emblemáticos, incluindo as práticas enganosas da KLM em sua campanha sustentável, as alegações ambientais da Katjes na Alemanha, e os compromissos de reciclagem da Danone Waters of America, além de casos brasileiros analisados pelo CONAR e pela justiça cível. Ao comparar essas abordagens regulatórias, o estudo avalia como os litígios de greenwashing afetam o comportamento corporativo, os riscos financeiros e os danos reputacionais das empresas. Ao adotar essa abordagem comparativa, o estudo busca demonstrar como diferentes marcos jurídicos respondem ao greenwashing com base em suas prioridades regulatórias — a proteção do consumidor na União Europeia e no Brasil, e a integridade do mercado financeiro nos Estados Unidos. Essa distinção é fundamental para compreender a eficácia e as limitações de cada sistema, bem como para identificar possíveis tendências de harmonização nos esforços globais para combater o greenwashing. Com a evolução dos marcos jurídicos internacionais para impor penalidades mais severas – ou expor as empresas que incorrem às práticas de marketing ambiental enganosas, esta dissertação enfatiza o aumento da exposição legal de empresas envolvidas em greenwashing. Os achados indicam que, enquanto a União Europeia caminha para uma regulamentação mais rígida, os Estados Unidos já aplicam sanções financeiras substanciais, e o Brasil ainda está em uma fase inicial de litigância climática, especialmente em relação a fraudes de créditos de carbono e alegações ambientais enganosas. O estudo contribui para a literatura jurídica ao oferecer uma análise aprofundada sobre o impacto dos marcos regulatórios nas estratégias corporativas de sustentabilidade e como a convergência regulatória pode fortalecer os mecanismos globais de fiscalização.

Greenwashing has emerged as a significant challenge in the contemporary global economy, as corporations increasingly employ deceptive environmental claims to enhance their public image while failing to adopt substantive sustainability practices. This thesis's main idea is to analyse the role of the legislature and judiciary in combating greenwashing from a unified perspective, ensuring consistency in the analytical framework across different jurisdictions. In this sense, a comparative legal analysis of greenwashing regulations and case laws in the European Union, the United States, and Brazil was conducted, examining how different jurisdictions define, regulate, and enforce legal frameworks against misleading environmental claims. The study explores key legislative instruments, including the EU Green Claims Directive, the U.S. Federal Trade Commission's Green Guides, and Brazilian consumer protection laws, highlighting the evolution of enforcement mechanisms and judicial decisions that shape corporate accountability. The analysis reviews legal cases, such as KLM's misleading sustainability marketing, Katjes' environmental claims in Germany, Danone Waters of America’s deceptive recycling commitments, and Brazilian cases adjudicated by CONAR and civil courts. The research compares these regulatory approaches and evaluates how greenwashing litigation impacts corporate behaviour, financial risks, and reputational damage. By adopting this comparative approach, the study aims to demonstrate how different legal frameworks respond to greenwashing based on their regulatory priorities—consumer protection in the EU and Brazil and financial market integrity in the US. This distinction is essential to understanding the effectiveness and limitations of each system and identifying potential harmonisation trends in global efforts to combat greenwashing. As international legal frameworks evolve to impose stricter penalties on deceptive environmental marketing, this thesis underscores the growing legal exposure for corporations engaging in greenwashing. The findings suggest that while the EU is moving towards stricter enforcement, the U.S. legal system already applies substantial financial penalties. Brazil remains in the early stages of climate litigation, particularly regarding carbon credit fraud and misleading sustainability claims. The study contributes to legal scholarship by examining how legal frameworks influence corporate greenwashing strategies and how regulatory convergence may enhance global enforcement mechanisms.

Country
Portugal
Related Organizations
Keywords

Consumer Protection, Proteção ao Consumidor, Litigância Climática, Direito Comparado, Climate Litigation, Federal Trade Commission, CONAR, Domínio/Área Científica::Ciências Sociais::Direito, Responsabilidade Corporativa, Environmental Law, Diretiva Europeia de Alegações Ambientais, Greenwashing, Corporate Accountability, Regulação ESG, Direito Ambiental, ESG Regulation, Comparative Law, EU Green Claims Directive, Comissão Federal de Comércio dos EUA

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    popularity
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    influence
    This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
Average
Average
Green