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Estudo Geral
Master thesis . 2013
Data sources: Estudo Geral
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A Geometria de Lobachevsky

Authors: Cardoso, Cátia Vanessa Oliveira;

A Geometria de Lobachevsky

Abstract

A geometria é considerada uma ciência de natureza lógica e dedutível. Euclides foi o primeiro matemático a formular e a organizar todo o conhecimento no âmbito da geometria, na obra Os Elementos. Euclides desenvolveu o seu trabalho tendo por base cinco postulados. Contudo, o quinto causou controvérsia por não possuir a mesma evidência intuitiva dos restantes. A tentativa de demonstrar este postulado levou ao aparecimento das geometrias não euclidianas, isto é, a geometria hiperbólica e a geometria esférica. Para estudar a geometria hiperbólica foram desenvolvidos vários modelos, nomeadamente, os modelos de Poincaré (disco e semiplano), o modelo de Beltrami, mais conhecido por pseudoesfera, e o modelo de Klein. É essencial definir, nos vários modelos, os conceitos de ponto, reta e distância entre dois pontos para, posteriormente, ilustrar as propriedades da geometria hiperbólica, nomeadamente as que a distinguem da geometria euclidiana. O conceito de curvatura é fundamental na conceção dos modelos para as geometrias euclidiana, hiperbólica e esférica. A pseudoesfera é um excelente exemplo de uma superfície com curvatura negativa e constante, considerando-se um ótimo modelo para a geometria hiperbólica. O tema da geometria hiperbólica pode ser introduzido no 3º ciclo do ensino básico e secundário. Apesar de alguns conceitos serem abstratos, os alunos conseguem visualizá-los com o auxílio do software NonEuclid. A construção de atividades, em que se recorre ao software NonEuclid, para ilustrar algumas das propriedades desta geometria, é um desafio interessante.

The geometry is considered as a logical and deductible science. Euclid was the first mathematician to formulate and organize the knowledge within the geometry, in a work called 'The Elements'. Euclid developed his work based on five postulates. The fifth caused controversy because it had not the same intuitive evidence of the remaining ones. The attempt to demonstrate it led to the non-Euclidean geometries, the hyperbolic geometry and the spherical geometry. Several models, including models of Poincaré (disc and halfplane), the model of Beltrami, usually called pseudo sphere and the Klein model, were developed to study the hyperbolic geometry. In the various models it is essential to define the concepts of point, line and distance between two points in order to illustrate the properties of hyperbolic geometry, in particular those that distinguish it from the Euclidean geometry. The concept of curvature is crucial in the design of models for Euclidean geometry, spherical and hyperbolic. The pseudosphere is an excellent example of a model for hyperbolic geometry because it is a surface with negative and constant curvature. The hyperbolic geometry can be introduced in the third cycle of primary and secondary schools. Although some of the concepts are quite abstract, the students can visualize them with the assistance of NonEuclid software. Making activities with the NonEuclid software to illustrate some of the properties of this geometry is an interesting challenge.

Relatório para obtenção de Mestrado em Ensino da Matemática no 3º ciclo do Ensino Básico e no Ensino Secundário apresentado à Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade de Coimbra.

Country
Portugal
Related Organizations
Keywords

Ensino, Teaching, Geometria, Geometry, Hyperbolic geometry, Geometria hiperbólica

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
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