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Estudo Geral
Master thesis . 2021
Data sources: Estudo Geral
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Microbioma e desfechos obstétricos adversos

Authors: Ginja, Filipe Oliveira;

Microbioma e desfechos obstétricos adversos

Abstract

O microbioma é o conjunto de todos os microrganismos existentes num determinado espaço anatómico, sendo este condicionado pelo sexo, idade, alimentação, entre outros aspetos. Nos últimos anos desenvolveram-se técnicas de sequenciação do microbioma que permitiram conhecer a sua constituição com detalhe e através da comparação entre pessoas doentes e saudáveis associar alterações específicas do microbioma à ocorrência de diferentes doenças.A gravidez, processo extremamente complexo, caracterizado por alterações a inúmeros níveis, provocadas por mudanças a nível hormonal, imunitário e metabólico, é um período particularmente suscetível a alterações patogénicas do microbioma. Por essa razão é importante identificar estas alterações, os fatores subjacentes à sua ocorrência e como as prevenir.O principal objetivo desta revisão foi caracterizar as alterações do microbioma da grávida associadas a desfechos obstétricos adversos, nomeadamente aborto espontâneo, parto pré-termo, rotura prematura das membranas, pré-eclâmpsia, diabetes gestacional, ganho ponderal excessivo e depressão pós-parto. Para este efeito realizámos uma pesquisa bibliográfica em bases de dados científicas, com critérios de inclusão e exclusão estritos, de forma a encontrar as publicações mais adequadas. Começámos por analisar o microbioma habitual de uma mulher em idade fértil e de uma grávida, bem como identificámos fatores que alteram o microbioma do recém-nascido, indicando comportamentos que as grávidas devem evitar para impedir a ocorrência de alterações do microbioma.A principal alteração do microbioma encontrada nesta revisão foi a diminuição de bactérias do género Lactobacillus no microbioma vaginal da grávida. Esta alteração associa--se a praticamente todos os desfechos obstétricos adversos. O aborto espontâneo foi associado à presença de bactérias como Ureaplasma urealyticum ou Mycoplasma hominis no microbioma vaginal. Para além disso pode ser causado por infeções virais, por exemplo pelo papilomavirus, ou por protozoários, como o Toxoplasma gondii. A ocorrência de parto pré-termo encontra-se relacionada com alterações no microbioma placentário, nomeadamente pelo aumento de bactérias dos géneros Capnocytophaga e Bergeyella e alterações do microbioma vaginal, como a presença de Gardenerella vaginalis e bactérias do género Prevotella. As principais mudanças no microbioma favorecedoras da pré-eclâmpsia ocorrem no microbioma vaginal, com aumento de bactérias dos géneros Streptococcus e Staphylococcus, no microbioma placentário, a presença de Escherichia e Salmonella por exemplo, e no microbioma do líquido amniótico, que em condições normais é inexistente. A diabetes gestacional está associada à diminuição de bactérias do género Bifidobacterium e Eubacterium e aumento de Bacteroides. A nível do microbioma vaginal identificou-se um aumento de Escherichia, Enterococcus e Enterobacter.O ganho ponderal excessivo está relacionado com alterações no microbioma intestinal, nomeadamente diminuição da população de Bacteroidetes e Lactobacillus e aumento de Firmicutes. Da mesma forma, a depressão também está associada a alterações do microbioma intestinal, como a diminuição de bactérias do género Bifidobacterium e Lactobacillus e aumento de Faecalibacterium, Alistipes e Oscilibacter.As medidas já aconselhadas às grávidas, incluindo uma alimentação equilibrada, evitar consumo de álcool e tabaco e cuidados suplementares com a higiene oral mostraram ser eficazes na prevenção de alterações do microbioma.

The microbiome is the set of all microorganisms existing in each anatomical space. It is conditioned by gender, age, diet, among other aspects. In recent years, microbiome sequencing techniques have been developed, which made it possible to know its constitution in detail. By comparing sick and healthy people microbiome it is possible to associate specific microbiome changes to different diseases.Pregnancy, an extremely complex process, characterized by numerous changes, caused by hormonal, immunitary and metabolic adjustments, is a particularly susceptible period to pathogenic changes in the microbiome. For this reason, it is important to identify these changes, the factors underlying their occurrence and how to prevent them. The main objective of this review was to characterize changes in the pregnant woman’s microbiome associated with poor obstetric outcomes, namely spontaneous abortion, premature birth, preeclampsia, gestational diabetes, excessive weight gain and postpartum depression. For this purpose, we conducted a bibliographic research in scientific databases, with strict inclusion and exclusion criteria, in order to find the most appropriate articles. We started by analysing the microbiome of a woman of childbearing age and of a pregnant woman, as well as identifying factors that alter the new-born’s microbiome. We have also indicated behaviours that pregnant women should avoid preventing the occurrence of microbiome changes.The main microbiome change found in this review was the decrease in bacteria of the genus Lactobacillus in the vaginal microbiome of pregnant woman. This change is associated with almost all poor obstetric outcomes.Spontaneous abortion was associated with the presence of bacteria such as Ureaplasma urelayticum or Mycoplasma hominis in the vaginal microbiome. In addition, it can be caused by viral infections, for example papillomavirus, or by protozoa, such as Toxoplasma gondii. The occurrence of premature birth is related to changes in the placental microbiome, namely an increase in bacteria of the genera Capnocytophaga and Bergeyella, and changes in the vaginal microbiome, such as the presence of Gardenerella vaginalis and bacteria of the genus Prevotella.The main changes in the microbiome that lead to preeclampsia occur in the vaginal microbiome, with an increase in bacteria of the genera Streptococcus and Staphylococcus, in the placental microbiome, with the presence of Escherichia and Salmonella, and in the microbiome of the amniotic fluid, which under normal conditions is non-existent. Gestational diabetes is associated with a decrease in bacteria of the genera Bifidobacterium and Eubacterium and an increase in Bacteroides. In the vaginal microbiome there is an increment in Escherichia, Enterococcus and Enterobacter.Excessive weight gain is related to changes in the intestinal microbiome, namely a decrease in the population of Bacteroidetes and Lactobacillus and an increase in Firmicutes. Likewise, depression is only associated with changes in the intestinal microbiome as well, such as a decrease in bacteria of the genera Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus and an increase in Faecalibacterium, Alistipes and Oscilibacter.The measures already advised to pregnant women, including a balanced diet, avoiding alcohol and tobacco consumption and care with their oral hygiene have proven effective in preventing changes in the microbiome.

Trabalho Final do Mestrado Integrado em Medicina apresentado à Faculdade de Medicina

Country
Portugal
Related Organizations
Keywords

Disease prevention, Pregnancy complications, Pregnancy, New-born, Gravidez, Microbiome, Recém-nascido, Complicações da Gravidez, Microbioma, Prevenção de Doenças

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
Average
Average
Green