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Estudo Geral
Master thesis . 2019
Data sources: Estudo Geral
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Leucoencefalopatia multifocal progressiva induzida pela terapêutica modificadora biológica

Authors: Silva, Tiago André Dias da Costa e;

Leucoencefalopatia multifocal progressiva induzida pela terapêutica modificadora biológica

Abstract

A leucoencefalopatia multifocal progressiva (LMP) é uma doença rara e desmielinizante do sistema nervoso central que resulta da reactivação do vírus John Cunningham. Após a infecção primária, que geralmente ocorre na infância, este vírus dissemina-se por via hematogénica e atinge preferencialmente órgãos como o rim, tecido linfóide e cérebro onde persiste de forma latente. A reactivação do vírus ocorre em contexto de imunodeficiência ou em doentes a realizar tratamento com recurso à terapêutica imunomodeladora ou imunossupressora. Sintomas comuns nos doentes com LMP centram-se na afasia, disartria, ataxia e hemiparesia. O tratamento dirigido contra o vírus não revela quaisquer benefícios, deste modo o défice imune subjacente deve ser rapidamente revertido de forma a evitar uma rápida progressão da doença e consequências graves para o individuo. Com o surgimento da pandemia VIH-SIDA o número de casos registados desta patologia aumentou exponencialmente; contudo, a introdução da terapia anti-retroviral altamente activa (HAART, em inglês highly active antirretroviral therapy) aumentou a taxa de sobrevivência dos pacientes infectados pelo VJC. Num paradigma diferente e mais actual emergiu um outro grupo de pacientes que apresentam um risco aumentado de desenvolver a LMP - aqueles que se encontram sob terapêutica modificadora biológica. Com o advento da descoberta dos anticorpos monoclonais e a sua capacidade para modular o sistema imunitário, estes têm vindo a ser cada vez mais empregues em certas áreas da medicina como o combate à rejeição de órgãos transplantados ou para tratar doenças auto-imunes como a esclerose múltipla e o lúpus eritematoso sistémico. Consequentemente, revela-se de extrema importância estudar o impacto desta modalidade terapêutica no surgimento de novos casos de LMP, bem como de possíveis complicações iatrogénicas associadas. O objectivo deste artigo de revisão passa por estudar a influência da terapia modificadora biológica na indução da LMP que, apesar de rara, apresenta elevadas taxas de mortalidade e morbilidade.

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy is a rare and demyelinating disease of the central nervous system that results from the reactivation of the John Cunningham virus. After primary infection, which usually occurs in childhood, this virus spreads by the hematogenous route and reaches organs such as the kidney, lymphoid tissue and brain, where it remains in latent form. Virus reactivation occurs in an immunodeficiency context or in patients undergoing treatment with immunomodulatory or immunosuppressive therapy. Common symptoms in patients with this disease are aphasia, dysarthria, ataxia and hemiparesis. There is no effective antiviral treatment available, thus the underlying immune deficit must be rapidly reversed in order to avoid the rapid progression of the disease and severe consequences for the patient. With the emergence of the HIV-AIDS pandemic, the incidence of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy increased rapidly; however, the introduction of the highly active antirretroviral therapy led to an increase in the survival rates of infected patients. In a different and more recent paradigm, another group of patients emerged who have an increased risk of developing the disease – those undergoing biological modifying therapy. With the discovery of monoclonal antibodies and their ability to modulate the immune system, they are increasingly being used in certain areas of medicine, such as the prevention of organ rejection after transplant, or the treatment of autoimmune diseases, such as multiple sclerosis and systemic lupus erythematosus. Consequently, it is extremely important to study the impact of such therapy in the emergence of new cases of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, as well as of possible associated iatrogenic complications. The aim of this review is to study the influence of biological modifying therapy in the induction of this disease, which, although rare,has high mortality and morbidity rates.

Trabalho Final do Mestrado Integrado em Medicina apresentado à Faculdade de Medicina

Country
Portugal
Related Organizations
Keywords

Terapia modificadora biológica, Anticorpos monoclonais, Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopaty, Monoclonal antibodies, Leucoencefalopatia multifocal progressiva, Biological modifying therapy

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
Average
Average
Green