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Estudo Geral
Master thesis . 2019
Data sources: Estudo Geral
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Adenite axilar e outras manifestações raras da infeção pela vacina BCG

Authors: Rosa, Cláudia Sofia Lopes;

Adenite axilar e outras manifestações raras da infeção pela vacina BCG

Abstract

Introdução: A complicação mais frequentemente associada à vacina Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) é a adenite axilar. Podem, no entanto, ocorrer outras manifestações clínicas, colocando desafios diagnósticos. O objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar as manifestações clínicas de reações adversas causadas por esta vacina e a sua evolução, e avaliar a presença de comorbilidades. Material e Métodos: Estudo observacional transversal analítico, com colheita retrospetiva de dados dos processos clínicos de recém-nascidos, lactentes e crianças vacinadas com a vacina BCG e com reações adversas atribuíveis à mesma, seguidos nas consultas de Agudos e de Infeciologia do Hospital Pediátrico do Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, durante um período de 9 anos (1/07/2009 a 30/06/2018).Resultados: Foram incluídos 98 casos. A idade mediana de aparecimento das manifestações foi de 4 meses (IQR 6), tendo 34% ocorrido até aos 3 meses, inclusive, e 4% acima dos 2 anos. Apresentavam adenite 92%, predominando a axilar (73%), supraclavicular (8%) e axilar + supraclavicular (7%). Oito apresentaram manifestações clínicas atípicas: quatro osteomielites/artrites (fémur, joelho, pé e ombro), três infeções dos tecidos moles (coxa, mão e região escapular) e uma infeção disseminada. Em 53% houve supuração espontânea da adenite, com uma mediana de 3 meses (IQR 4) após o início dos sintomas. Estavam presentes sinais de alarme para imunodeficiência primária (IDP) em 10 casos, tendo sido confirmada numa criança com história familiar de morte na infância, diagnosticada com doença granulomatosa crónica. Realizou-se investigação em 62%: 49 hemogramas, 27 ecografias dos tecidos moles, 16 estudos da função imunitária. Houve confirmação microbiológica em três das localizações atípicas e outras três mostraram granulomas epitelióides na histologia. Tiveram abordagem conservadora 92%, e oito doentes fizeram tratamento específico com tuberculostáticos e/ou drenagem cirúrgica. A mediana de tempo até à resolução foi de 9 meses (IQR 11).Discussão: A melhor abordagem nas reações adversas à vacina BCG permanece por esclarecer, apesar da maior parte dos casos ter tido boa evolução sem tratamento. O uso de tuberculostáticos deverá estar reservado a crianças com reações adversas atípicas e/ou sistémicas.Conclusão: A adenite axilar é a manifestação mais comum de reação adversa à vacina BCG, mas podem haver localizações atípicas, mesmo na ausência de imunodeficiência primária. Embora ocorra habitualmente nos primeiros meses de vida, a infeção por BCG pode ter apresentação tardia. A supuração espontânea é frequente. A maioria teve evolução benigna e auto-limitada, mas a evolução pode ser muito lenta.

Introduction: The most frequent complication associated with Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine is axillary adenitis. However, other clinical manifestations may occur, sometimes posing diagnostic challenges. The aim of this study was to determine the clinical features, complications and comorbidities of BCG adverse reactions as well as the clinical outcome of these patients. Material and Methods: Cross-sectional analytic study with retrospective data collection of all the clinical cases of newborns, infants and children diagnosed with a BCG adverse reaction, followed in the Infectious Diseases or Acute Clinic of Hospital Pediátrico – Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra during a period of 9 years (1/07/2009 to 30/06/2018). Results: Ninety-eight children presented with adverse reactions. Median age of first symptoms was 4 months (IQR 6), with 34% occurring in infants under 3 months and 4% in children older than 2 years old. 92% presented with adenitis, mostly axillary (73%), followed by supraclavicular (8%) or both axillary and supraclavicular (7%). Eight children presented with atypical clinical features: four osteomyelitis/arthritis (femur, foot, knee and shoulder), three soft tissue infections (thigh, hand and scapular region) and one with disseminated disease. In 53% there was spontaneous drainage, with a median time of 3 months (IQR 4) after the beginning of the first symptoms. Ten children presented with risk factors for a possible primary immunodeficiency, confirmed in one child with family history of death in childhood, diagnosed with chronic granulomatous disease. In 62% further investigation was done: 49 complete blood counts, 27 ultrasounds, 16 immunodeficiency screening. There was microbiological confirmation in three with atypical manifestations and another three had epithelioid granulomas in histology. 92% were managed conservatively and eight children received treatment with anti-tuberculous drugs and/or surgical drainage. The median time until complete resolution was 9 months (IQR 11).Discussion: The optimal approach of BCG adverse reactions is still uncertain, although almost all children had a good outcome without treatment. The use of anti-tuberculous therapy should be kept for children with atypical or systemic manifestations. Conclusion: Axillary adenitis is the most common adverse reaction to BCG vaccine, however there may be atypical locations, even in the absence of primary immunodeficiency. Despite usually occurring in the first months of life, BCG infection may have a late presentation. Spontaneous drainage is frequent. Most cases were self-limited with a benign outcome, but improvement may be very slow.

Trabalho Final do Mestrado Integrado em Medicina apresentado à Faculdade de Medicina

Country
Portugal
Related Organizations
Keywords

Vacina BCG, Suppuration, Lymphadenitis, Supuração, Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes, Antitubercular agents, Linfadenite, Síndromes de Imunodeficiência, Antituberculosos, BCG vaccine

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
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