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Estudo Geral
Master thesis . 2018
Data sources: Estudo Geral
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Puberdade: endocrinologia e genética

Authors: Carvalho, Inês Videira de;

Puberdade: endocrinologia e genética

Abstract

Introdução: A puberdade é um processo de transição da infância para a idade adulta. A idade em que se inicia é bastante variável o que sugere a regulação por fatores genéticos e ambientais e parece estar associada a diversas causas de mortalidade e morbilidade na vida adulta. Este artigo procura resumir os avanços recentes no conhecimento da fisiologia da puberdade e estabelecer como a disrupção pode estar associada a patologia. Materiais e métodos: Revisão narrativa da literatura publicada entre 2010 e 2017 nas bases de dados eletrónicas Pubmed (subordinada às Subheadings “genetics”, “physiology” e “metabolism” do termo Medical Subject Headings “puberty”) e Embase (subordinada aos termos Emtree “puberty”, “genetics”, “physiology” e “metabolism”). Resultados: O processo chave para o desencadear da puberdade é a reativação da secreção de hormona secretora das gonadotrofinas (GnRH), determinada por alterações na sinalização trans-sináptica neuronal e por células da glia. A regulação trans-sináptica estimuladora direta é composta por neurónios secretores de kisspeptina (kisspeptinérgicos), glutamato e ácido gama-aminobutírico (GABA). O componente inibitório inclui neurónios secretores de GABA, péptidos caracterizados pela presença de um aminoácido arginina carboxi-terminal comum e um motivo de fenilalanina aminada (família RF-amida) e péptidos opióides. Centenas de genes regulam este processo organizados em redes. Um nível adicional de regulação é fornecido por mecanismos epigenéticos. A função reprodutiva é sensível a alterações do estado metabólico e ambiente, o que pode explicar o decréscimo da idade do desencadear da puberdade observado em ambos os sexos, nas últimas décadas nos Estados Unidos da América e Europa. Discussão e conclusão: O processo complexo do despoletar da puberdade está gradualmente a ser elucidado, contudo muitas questões continuam em aberto. É uma área com grande potencial de pesquisa clínica e biomédica integrada em benefício da prática clínica.

Introduction: Puberty is a process of transition from childhood to adulthood. The age of onset of puberty is quite variable, being determined by genetic and environmental factors; it seems to be associated with several causes of mortality and morbidity in adult life. This manuscript attempts to summarize the most recent advances in our knowledge of the physiology of puberty, and to establish how its disruption may be associated with pathology. Materials and methods: Narrative review of the literature published between 2010 and 2017 in the electronic databases Pubmed (subordinate to the subheadings “genetics”, “physiology” and “metabolism” of the Medical Subject Headings “puberty”) and Embase (subordinate to the Emtree terms “puberty”, “genetics”, “physiology” and “metabolism”). Results: The key process in the onset of puberty is the reactivation of gonadotrophin secreting hormone (GnRH) secretion, determined by changes in neuronal trans-synaptic and glial signalling. Direct excitatory trans-synaptic regulation is composed by kisspeptin, glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) secretory neurons; the inhibitory component includes neurons that secrete GABA, opioid peptides, and RF-amide family peptides (which are characterized by a common carboxy terminal arginine amino acid and an amine phenylalanine motif). Hundreds of genes, organized into networks, regulate this process, and an additional level of regulation is provided by epigenetic mechanisms. Human reproductive function is sensitive to changes in the metabolic status and the environment, which could explain the decline in the age of onset of puberty observed in both sexes, in the last decades, in the United States and Europe. Discussion and conclusion: The complex process of puberty onset is gradually being elucidated, yet many questions remain open. It is an area with great potential of integrated clinical and biomedical research for the benefit of clinical practice.

Trabalho Final do Mestrado Integrado em Medicina apresentado à Faculdade de Medicina

Country
Portugal
Related Organizations
Keywords

Metabolismo, Metabolism, Puberty, Genetics, Hypothalamo-hypophyseal system, Eixo hipotálamo-hipófise, Gonads, Genética, Puberdade, Gónadas

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
Average
Average
Green