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Estudo Geral
Master thesis . 2016
Data sources: Estudo Geral
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Abordagem terapêutica da Diabetes Mellitus tipo I durante a gravidez

Authors: João, Mafalda Cainé Perdiz da Silva;

Abordagem terapêutica da Diabetes Mellitus tipo I durante a gravidez

Abstract

A diabetes mellitus tipo 1 (DM1) é uma doença metabólica causada por um défice de secreção de insulina originada pela destruição das células beta dos ilhéus pancreáticos; consequentemente ocorre hiperglicemia crónica, com alterações no metabolismo dos hidratos de carbono, lípidos e proteínas. Esta doença está associada a uma diminuição na qualidade e esperança média de vida e apresenta um importante impacte social e económico. A evolução da abordagem terapêutica permitiu diminuir o risco de morte prematura e aumentar a qualidade de vida desta população, embora com elevado consumo de cuidados de saúde. Na DM1 a gravidez encontra-se associada a um aumento do risco de desenvolvimento/progressão de complicações macro e microvasculares, do risco de complicações obstétricas, mortalidade fetal, bem como morbilidade a curto e a longo prazo para os filhos. Torna-se assim da maior relevância encontrar estratégias que permitam mitigar estes riscos, promovendo a saúde materno-fetal. Neste trabalho, efetuou-se uma revisão bibliográfica da evidência científica mais atual no que diz respeito à abordagem terapêutica desta patologia durante a gravidez. O principal objetivo terapêutico é a obtenção de um bom controlo metabólico, sobretudo a nível glicémico, uma vez que este foi associado a melhoria dos resultados materno-fetais. Neste âmbito, além da melhoria do desempenho dos glucómetros, tem-se assistido ao desenvolvimento de novos dispositivos de avaliação dos níveis de glicose. A pedra angular da abordagem terapêutica é a insulinoterapia intensiva, que deverá ser enquadrada numa terapêutica médica nutricional e programa de exercício físico personalizados. Na área da insulinoterapia testemunha-se o aparecimento de novos fármacos e novos métodos de administração de insulina, bem como sistemas híbridos que acoplam sistemas de monitorização de glicose e administração de insulina. Os estudos desenvolvidos até ao momento não demonstraram a superioridade destas novas modalidades em relação à monitorização através de glucómetros e às múltiplas administrações diárias de insulina e ainda não foi avaliada de uma forma extensa a relação custo-efetividade. A obtenção de dados definitivos carece, contudo, da realização de grandes estudos randomizados controlados. Type 1 diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease brought about by a lack of insulin secretion caused by the destruction of the beta cells of the pancreatic islets; consequently, the chronic hyperglycemia occurs, with changes in the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins. This disease is associated with a decrease in both the quality of life as well as the life expectancy and it poses a significant social and economical impact. Despite the massive expenses of health care, the evolution in the therapeutic approach has made it possible to reduce the risk of premature death and improve the quality of life of this population. In the type 1 diabetes mellitus pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of development/progression of macro and microvascular complications, the risk of obstetric complications, fetal mortality, morbidity, as well as the short and long-term morbidity for children. Thus it is of the utmost relevance to find strategies that will make it possible to mitigate these risks, thereby promoting maternal-fetal health. In this work, a review of the most current scientific evidence concerning the therapeutic approach of this condition was conducted during pregnancy. The main therapeutic goal is to obtain a good metabolic control, especially on the glycemic level, since this has been associated with improvement of maternal-fetal outcomes. In this context, in addition to the improved performance of glucometers, there has been the development of continuous glucose monitoring systems. The cornerstone of treatment is the intensive insulin therapy, which should be framed in a medical nutrition therapy and physical exercise program. In the field of insulin therapy, we are witnessing the emergence of new drugs and new methods for insulin administration, as well as hybrid systems that engage continuous glucose monitors and continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion. The studies developed so far have not shown the superiority of these new modalities in relation to monitoring through glucometers and multiple daily injection regimen and has not yet been evaluated in a comprehensive way as far as cost-effectiveness is concerned. Definitive data lacks, however, the realization of significant randomized clinical trials.

Trabalho final do 6º ano médico com vista à atribuição do grau de mestre (área científica de endocrinologia) no âmbito do ciclo de estudos de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina.

Country
Portugal
Related Organizations
Keywords

Análogos de insulina, Perfusão subcutânea contínua de insulina, Pâncreas artificial, Diabetes mellitus tipo 1, Insulinoterapia intensiva, Gravidez, Bombas de insulina, Sistemas de monitorização contínua da glicose

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
Average
Average
Green