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Estudo Geral
Master thesis . 2014
Data sources: Estudo Geral
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Um olhar sobre o crime de pedopornografia : importância do uso de fotografia da face na estimativa da idade

Authors: Alves, Sindia Gabriela Pereira;

Um olhar sobre o crime de pedopornografia : importância do uso de fotografia da face na estimativa da idade

Abstract

A estimativa da idade de vítimas de pedopornografia tem vindo a desempenhar um papel essencial na prática forense, devido ao elevado número de casos de pornografia infantil observado nas últimas décadas. No sentido de tentar combater este problema, vários peritos são chamados a depor em tribunal. Tendo em mente o propósito do presente projecto, na verificação da importância do uso de fotografias da face, na estimativa da idade em casos de pedopornografia, procedeu-se à análise de 128 fotografias da face de menores (83 do sexo feminino e 45 do sexo masculino), com idades compreendidas entre 1 e 17 anos, efectuada por um conjunto de 12 avaliadores (3 antropólogos forenses, 3 médicos-legistas, 3 pediatras e 3 “não-especialistas”). Cada avaliador efectuou um total de 4 observações, separadas temporalmente, sendo que nas duas iniciais apenas se pronunciaram sobre a idade de cada indivíduo observado, enquanto nas duas últimas mencionaram igualmente qual a característica geral da face mais relevante para a indicação da idade. Os resultados obtidos demonstram que a estimativa da idade apresenta melhores resultados (87,92%) quando se trata de indivíduos mais novos (<12 anos). Quando analisada a fiabilidade das respostas dadas pelos avaliadores, constata-se que só a partir de um erro de ± 2 anos é que se verificam resultados “fiáveis” (79,51%). Ao examinar a influência de alguns parâmetros nas estimativas realizadas (sexo, existência de filhos e categoria profissional dos avaliadores, assim como sexo dos indivíduos em estudo), observa-se que, para as idades concretas, apenas a categoria profissional dos avaliadores e o sexo dos indivíduos em estudo não influenciam as estimativas correctas. Contudo, nos grupos etários, os resultados diferem, com a categoria profissional a ser o único parâmetro a influenciar as estimativas correctas (evidenciando-se os Pediatras com melhores resultados). Relativamente às características gerais da face mais relevantes para a estimativa da idade, salienta-se o “aspecto geral da face”, mais frequentemente mencionado pelos avaliadores, mas mais vezes associado a estimativas incorrectas (75,39%). Em termos gerais, apesar de Portugal não possuir qualquer ferramenta informática que permita analisar a estimativa da idade com base em fotografias, acredita-se que devam ser implementados novos critérios que permitam melhorar este tipo de metodologias de modo a não serem causadores de erros judiciais.

Age estimation of child pornography victims has been playing an essential role in forensic practice, due to the high number of cases of pedopornography over the past decades. In order to face this problem, some professionals are often called to testify in court. Hereupon, and keeping in mind the purpose of this project about age estimation in living individuals based on photographs and its relevance in cases of child pornography, 12 evaluators (3 forensic anthropologists, 3 forensic pathologists, 3 pediatricians and 3 “non-experts”) analyzed 128 photographs of minors’ faces (83 females and 45 males) aged between 1 and 17 years. Each evaluator performed 4 observations, with some days apart, organized in two groups. In the first two observations, they were asked to pronounce on the age of each child observed, and in the last two they should additionally indicate the most relevant facial characteristic for children’s age estimation observed in each photograph. The results confirmed that the best values obtained (87,92%) were associated to age estimation of younger individuals (<12 years old). When evaluating the reliability of evaluators’ answers, we only observed reliable results (79,51%) after an age range of ± 2 years. After examining the influence of some parameters in the estimates accomplished (sex, number of children and, professional status of the evaluators, as well as sex of study subjects) we observed that, for real age, only professional status and sex of study subjects did not influence age estimation. On the other hand, for age groups, the results showed that professional status was the only parameter influencing the correct estimates (highlighting the pediatricians with better results). In what concerns the evaluation of the most relevant facial characteristic for children’s age estimation observed in each photograph, the “General appearance of the face” stood out, although it was more often associated with incorrect estimates (75,39%). Overall, even though Portugal does not have any software that allows the analysis of age estimation based on photographs, we believe that new criteria should be implemented to improve this kind of methodology, in order to avoid any judicial error.

Country
Portugal
Related Organizations
Keywords

Determinação da idade pelos dentes, Face, Antropologia forense, Criança, Abuso sexual da criança, Fotografia, Determinação da idade pelo esqueleto

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
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