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Estudo Geral
Master thesis . 2011
Data sources: Estudo Geral
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Trombólise na embolia pulmonar

Authors: Rocha, Ana Carolina dos Santos Silva;

Trombólise na embolia pulmonar

Abstract

Introdução: A embolia pulmonar é uma condição clínica potencialmente letal em todos os grupos etários, pelo que é considerada uma emergência cardiovascular. O diagnóstico é difícil de estabelecer, pela pouca especificidade do quadro clínico, condicionando, diferentes prognósticos e riscos de mortalidade. O tratamento depende da apresentação clínica e a terapêutica trombolítica tem um papel decisivo na melhoria do outcome dos doentes, em situações seleccionadas. Objectivos: A actual revisão tem por objectivo a reflexão sobre a fisiopatologia da embolia pulmonar, as indicações mais recentes da terapêutica trombolítica e das terapêuticas alternativas, enfatizando a importância do tratamento agressivo no controlo de uma entidade clínica que envolve risco de vida. Desenvolvimento: A embolia pulmonar e a trombose venosa profunda são o espectro da mesma doença, o tromboembolismo venoso. Distinguem-se principalmente pelo risco de morte inerente, sendo que na embolia pulmonar o risco é superior, variando entre os 15% e 58%, dependendo da estabilidade hemodinâmica dos doentes e da celeridade do tratamento. Nos doentes normotensos, sem disfunção ventricular direita e com marcadores de lesão do miocárdio negativos, a anticoagulação é a terapêutica de escolha e o prognóstico é extremamente favorável. Na presença de disfunção ventricular direita e/ou de um marcador de lesão do miocárdio positivo, o risco de morte é intermédio. As situações de choque cardiogénico ou de hipotensão arterial mantida são de mau prognóstico, pelo que o tratamento deve ser agressivo e a trombólise cumpre esse objectivo, diminuindo a taxa de mortalidade. Em relação à sua indicação nas situações de risco intermédio, a literatura não é consensual. A avaliação clínica deve ser feita caso a caso, com base na gravidade, prognóstico e risco hemorrágico. Alternativas à trombólise incluem: embolectomia pulmonar cirúrgica, embolectomia por cateterização percutânea e inserção de filtros venosos. Devem ser sempre Trombólise na Embolia Pulmonar Ana Carolina Rocha 9 consideradas na presença de contra-indicações absolutas à trombólise, ou quando a primeira tentativa farmacológica é ineficaz. Conclusões: As situações de embolia pulmonar de intermédio e alto risco beneficiam de um sistema de triagem para centros com competência na administração de trombolíticos e com capacidade para realização de técnicas trombolíticas alternativas. A estratégia terapêutica a adoptar deve ter em consideração o risco hemorrágico e as contra-indicações absolutas para a trombólise farmacológica, que se poderão transformar em relativas, se o benefício se mostrar superior ao risco. Com o intuito de prestar os melhores cuidados aos doentes, o conhecimento mais profundo acerca da estratégia terapêutica impõe-se.

Background: Pulmonary embolism is a life-threatening medical condition in all age groups and it is considered a cardiovascular emergency. The diagnosis is difficult to establish, because signs and symptoms are nonspecific and a variety of prognostic implications and mortality risks are observed. Treatment depends on the clinical presentation and thrombolytic therapy has a decisive role in improving outcome among selected patients. Aims: The aim of this review is to discuss the pathophysiology of pulmonary embolism, current recommendations for thrombolysis and alternative therapies, emphasizing the importance of aggressive treatment in the control of a life-threatening entity. Development: Pulmonary embolism and deep vein thrombosis are two clinical presentations of the same disease, venous thromboembolism. The risk of death distinguishes pulmonary embolism from deep vein thrombosis and is greater in patients with pulmonary embolism, ranging between 15% and 58%, depending on the hemodynamic stability and celerity of Trombólise na Embolia Pulmonar Ana Carolina Rocha 10 treatment. In normotensive patients with no evidence of right ventricular dysfunction and with myocardial injury markers negative, anticoagulation is the treatment of choice and the prognosis is extremely favorable. Patients with evidence of right ventricular dysfunction and/or a myocardial injury marker positive are categorized as intermediate-risk of death. Shock or sustained systemic hypotension correlates with a poor prognosis. Treatment should be aggressive and thrombolysis fulfills this goal, reducing mortality rate. Controversy remains about the benefits of thrombolytic therapy for patients with intermediate-risk pulmonary embolism. Clinical evaluation should be individualized, based on severity, prognosis and risk of bleeding. Alternatives to thrombolysis are: surgical pulmonary embolectomy, catheter embolectomy and venous filters insertion. Consider those alternatives when absolutely contraindications to thrombolysis exist or when patients have failed to respond to an initial trial of thrombolytic therapy. Conclusion: Patients with intermediate-risk and high-risk pulmonary embolism may be best served by rapid reference to specialized centers with experience in the administration of thrombolytic therapy and the capacity to offer alternative therapies. The therapeutic strategy adopted should take into account the risk of bleeding and absolutely contraindications for thrombolytic therapy might become relative if the benefit outweighs the risk. In order to provide the best care to patients, a deeper knowledge about this entity is essential.

Trabalho de projecto de mestrado em Medicina (Anestesiologia e Medicina Intensiva), apresentado à Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Coimbra

Country
Portugal
Related Organizations
Keywords

Trombólise, Terapia trombólica, Embolia pulmonar, Cuidados intensivos

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    This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
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    This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
Average
Average
Green