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Estudo Geral
Master thesis . 2015
Data sources: Estudo Geral
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O envelhecimento e a autoimunidade

Authors: Gonçalves, Diliana Francisca Rodrigues;

O envelhecimento e a autoimunidade

Abstract

O aumento da esperança média de vida verificado nas últimas décadas contribuiu para a problemática do envelhecimento populacional. Evidências atuais apontam para alterações em grau variável dos diferentes componentes do sistema imune. Verificou-se uma menor eficácia na imunidade inata dos idosos devido a alterações encontradas no número e função das suas células efetoras, designadamente os neutrófilos, as células Natural Killer e as células dendríticas. Na imunidade adquirida constataram-se também modificações da função das células B, mas não se verificaram alterações significativas no seu número com o envelhecimento. As células T são particularmente afetadas pela imunossenescência e identificaram-se adaptações no número e função das subpopulações mais estudadas. Entre estas, as células T reguladoras são alvo particular de atenção pois afiguram-se como possíveis alvos terapêuticos para doenças tais como as neoplásicas. A atrofia tímica é um dos fatores considerados como promotores da senescência das células T, pois contribui para a menor eficácia da imunidade celular contra antigénios, para a ocorrência de fenómenos de autoimunidade e redução da população de células T naïve. As alterações decorrentes da imunossenescência podem explicar, em parte, o aumento da incidência de determinadas doenças relacionadas com a idade e a maior susceptibilidade dos idosos a infecções, neoplasias, fenómenos autoimunes e uma menor respostaà vacinação. O melhor conhecimento dos processos de envelhecimento do sistema imune poderá permitir o desenvolvimentode métodos efetivos de prevenção, abordagem e terapêutica de doenças associadas à idade. Nos últimos anos foram desenvolvidas diversas estratégias de prevenção ou minimizaçãodos efeitos da imunossenescência, no entanto a maioria não teve aplicabilidade clínica significativa. Estas estratégias consistem na administração de citocinas recombinantes, anticorpos monoclonais, métodos hormonais, antioxidantes, assim como em modificações dietéticas e prática regular de exercício físico, com a finalidade de promover o envelhecimento saudável e minimizar a morbimortalidade do idoso.

The increasing average life expectancy found in recent decades contributed to the problem of the aging population. Current evidence points to changes in variable degree of the different components of the immune system. Innate immunity has become less effective in the elderly due to changes found in the number and function of its effector cells, including neutrophils, natural killer cells and dendritic cells. In acquired immunity there were also found changes in the functionof B cells, but there was not a significant change in their number with aging. T cells are particularly affected by immunosenescence and adjustments were identified both in the number and function of the most studied subpopulations. Among these, regulatory T cells are given particular attention because they appear to be potential therapeutic targets for diseases such as cancer. Thymus atrophy is one factor considered as promotor of T cell senescence, as it contributes to reduced efficacy of cellular immunity against antigens, to the occurrence of autoimmune phenomena and to the reduction of the number of naïve T cells. It is thought that the changes arising from immunosenescence may partly explain the increased incidence of certain age-related diseases and greater susceptibility to infection, cancer, autoimmune phenomena and a lower response to vaccination. The better understanding of the immune system aging processes may allow the development of effective preventive methods and therapeutic approaches to age-related diseases. In recent years several strategies have been developed in order to prevent or minimize the effects of immunosenescence, however most had no significant clinical applicability. These consist in the administration of recombinant cytokines, monoclonal antibodies, hormonal methods, antioxidants as well as dietary changes and regular physical exercise, in order to promote healthy aging and minimize the morbidity and mortality of the elderly.

Trabalho final de mestrado integrado em Medicina, apresentado à Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Coimbra.

Country
Portugal
Related Organizations
Keywords

immunosenescence, immune system, ageing, gerontology, autoimmune phenomena, autoimmune diseases, Tregs

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
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Cancer Research