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Estudo Geral
Master thesis . 2015
Data sources: Estudo Geral
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Intoxicações por inibidores da acetilcolinesterase: etiologia, diagnóstico e tratamento

Authors: Silva, Susana Maria Sousa da;

Intoxicações por inibidores da acetilcolinesterase: etiologia, diagnóstico e tratamento

Abstract

Os pesticidas, amplamente utilizados em todo o mundo para proteger as culturas agrícolas e hortícolas contra danos e, em ambientes domésticos, para garantir um ambiente livre de pragas, envolvem uma grande variedade de substâncias e representam o maior grupo de químicos potencialmente tóxicos, propositadamente introduzidos no meio ambiente. Todos os pesticidas têm um grau inerente de toxicidade para o meio ambiente e ao ser humano. Os principais pesticidas associados a intoxicação no ser humano têm sido os organoclorados, organofosforados, carbamatos e o paraquato, sendo responsáveis por milhares de mortes todos os anos. A presente revisão pretende focar apenas os organofosforados e carbamatos, tendo estes o mesmo mecanismo de ação: ambos são inibidores da acetilcolinesterase. A acetilcolinesterase está envolvida na interrupção da transmissão do impulso, através de hidrólise rápida do neurotransmissor acetilcolina em numerosas vias colinérgicas, nos sistemas nervosos central e periférico. A inativação da enzima, induzida pelos seus inibidores, conduz à acumulação de acetilcolina, hiperestimulação dos receptores nicotínicos e muscarínicos, e interrupção da neurotransimssão. Assim, uma intoxicação por inibidores da acetilcolinesterase vai apresentar-se com sintomas nicotínicos, muscarínicos e do sistema nervoso central. O diagnóstico de intoxicação nem sempre é evidente, devido à mistura de sintomas e a determinação laboratorial do nível de atividade da colinesterase pode confirmá-lo. Um bom tratamento de suporte, descontaminação, terapia antimuscarínica, o controlo precoce das crises convulsivas e terapia com oximas precoce são as chaves para bons resultados.

Pesticides, widely used around the world to protect agricultural and horticultural crops against damage and at home to insure a pest-free environment, involve a wide variety of substances and represent the largest group of potentially toxic chemichals purposefully introduced into the environment. All of the pesticides have an inherent degree of toxicity for both the environment and the human being. The main trouble pesticides regarding human poisoning have been organochlorines, organophosphates, carbamates and paraquat, being responsible for thousands of deaths every year. The present review pretends to focus only on organophosphates and carbamates, having them the same mechanism of action: they both are acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. Acetylcholinesterase is involved in the termination of impulse transmission by rapid hydrolysis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in numerous cholinergic pathways in the central and peripheral nervous systems. The enzyme inactivation, induced by its inhibitors, leads to acetylcholine accumulation, hyperstimulation of nicotinic and muscarinic receptors, and disrupted neurotransmission. Hence, an acetylcholinesterase inhibitors poisoning will present with nicotinic, muscarinic and central nervous system symptoms. The diagnostic of poisoning is not always obvious because of the mixture of symptoms and the level of cholinesterase activity may confirm it. Good supportive care, decontamination, antimuscarinic therapy, early seizure control, and early antidotal oxime therapy are the keys to good outcomes.

Trabalho final de mestrado integrado em Medicina, apresentado à Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Coimbra.

Country
Portugal
Related Organizations
Keywords

inseticidas, carbamatos, organofosforados, intoxicação, inibidores da acetilcolinesterase, pesticidas

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
Average
Average
Green