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Estudo Geral
Master thesis . 2015
Data sources: Estudo Geral
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Benzodiazepinas: da terapêutica ao abuso e dependência

Authors: Almeida, Mélanie Sofia da Silva de;

Benzodiazepinas: da terapêutica ao abuso e dependência

Abstract

As benzodiazepinas (BZDs) são um grupo de fármacos ansiolíticos, produzidos por síntese química, que têm sido utilizadas para diversos fins terapêuticos, entre os quais a redução de ansiedade, tratamento de insónia, sedação, aumento do limiar convulsivante, relaxamento muscular por ação central, indução de anestesia e abstinência do álcool. São moduladores alostéricos positivos dos recetores do tipo A do ácido gamma-aminobutírico (GABA), neurotransmissor inibidor do SNC (Sistema Nervoso Central), tornando os recetores GABA mais sensíveis à ativação pelo próprio GABA. O mecanismo de ação de todas as BZDs é sensivelmente o mesmo, contudo, as diferenças no âmbito da farmacocinética e farmacodinamia conferem características a cada um dos fármacos, permitindo definir a escolha de um fármaco em detrimento de outro, consoante a situação clínica. Devido ao seu maior índice terapêutico e menor potencial para induzir tolerância e dependência física, as BZDs vieram substituir os barbitúricos e meprobamato, tornando-se numa das classes farmacológicas mais prescritas em todo o mundo. Também Portugal apresenta um dos maiores níveis de utilização a nível europeu. Contudo, pensa-se que este consumo generalizado não se verifique apenas pela sua ampla aplicabilidade clínica. Apesar das BZDs serem consideradas fármacos seguros e eficazes no que diz respeito a tratamento de curto prazo, o seu uso no tratamento a longo prazo é controverso devido ao desenvolvimento de tolerância e dependência. Assim sendo, mostra-se oportuno apurar em que consistem os fenómenos da tolerância, da dependência (física e psicológica), da síndrome de abstinência de BZDs, entre outros conceitos relacionados, bem como apresentar quais os mecanismos neurobiológicos, modelos explicativos e fatores associados que visam explicar a sua ocorrência. Diversos aspetos devem ser tomados em conta, relativamente à decisão terapêutica e à prescrição racional por parte do médico em relação às BZDs. Isso inclui a decisão da implementação do fármaco perante os sintomas e patologias apresentadas, medidas de prevenção de abuso e dependência, bem como a consciencialização de que a interrupção do fármaco deverá ser realizada de forma progressiva e submetida a uma vigilância apertada. O uso inapropriado desta classe farmacológica acarreta ainda um risco crescente dos doentes se automedicarem e aumentarem a dose destas substâncias. Neste âmbito, é importantíssima a atuação do doente do ponto de vista do tratamento do abuso de BZDs, em que as terapias cognitivo-comportamentais assumem um papel relevante, e o médico deverá assumir uma postura cada vez mais criteriosa perante esta temática, devendo sempre equacionar qual a melhor estratégia terapêutica para o doente.

Benzodiazepines (BZDs) are a group of anxiolytic medicines produced by chemical synthesis that have been used for several therapeutic purposes, among which the reduction of anxiety, treatment of insomnia, sedation, increasing of the seizure threshold, muscular relaxation through central action, induction of anesthesia and abstinence from alcohol. Benzodiazepines are positive allosterics modulators from gamma-aminobutyric acid A receptors (GABA), a neurotransmitter inhibitor of the SNC that makes GABA receptors more sensitive to the activation of the GABA itself. The mechanism of action of all BZDs is roughly the same, however, the differences in the ambit of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics grant each one of the medicines with features that allow choosing one medicine over another, according to the medical condition. Due to its higher therapeutic índex and lower potential to induce tolerance and physical dependence, the BZDs came to replace barbiturates and meprobamate, making it one of the most prescribed pharmacological classes in the whole world. Also Portugal presents one of the highest rates of use at a European level. However, it is believed that such widespread consumption isn’t only due to its broad clinical applicability. Although BZDs are considered effective and safe medicines in regards to a short-term treatment, its usage in a long-term treatment is controversial due to the increased tolerance and dependence. As such, it is of par amount importance that we determine exactly what these tolerance phenomenons (physical and psychological), the BZDs withdrawal syndrome, among other related concepts consist of, as well as presenting which are the neurobiological mechanisms, explanatory models and associated factors that aim at explaining its occurrence. Different aspects should be taken into account in relation to the doctor’s therapeutic decision and rational prescription related to BZDs. This includes the decision to implement the pharmaceutical towards the symptoms and pathologies are presented, ways of preventing abuse and dependency, as well as the awareness that the discontinuation of the drug should be done slowly and carefully under close supervision. The inappropriate use of this pharmacological class still entails an increasing risk for patients to self-medicate and to increase the dosage of these substances. As an abuse BZDs treatment, it is highly important how the patient behaves, in which cognitive-behavioral therapies assume a very relevant role, and the physician should take an increasingly cautious approach when it comes to this subject, always questioning which is the most suitable therapeutic strategy for the patient.

Trabalho final de mestrado integrado em Medicina, apresentado à Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Coimbra.

Country
Portugal
Related Organizations
Keywords

síndrome de abstinência, dependência, indicações terapêuticas, benzodiazepinas, prescrição racional

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
Average
Average
Green