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image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
Estudo Geral
Master thesis . 2025
Data sources: Estudo Geral
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Modificação da palatabilidade do carprofeno via formação de sólidos multicomponente

Authors: Inácio, Pedro Miguel Salgado;

Modificação da palatabilidade do carprofeno via formação de sólidos multicomponente

Abstract

A baixa palatabilidade inerente a alguns ativos farmacêuticos utilizados em medicina veterinária, e administrados por via oral, constitui um desafio para a indústria farmacêutica, visto que é um fator determinante na atratividade dos mesmos, pelas diferentes espécies e raças de animais a que são destinados. Um exemplo de um ativo que mostra este comportamento é o carprofeno (CAR), objeto de estudo deste trabalho. O carprofeno é um anti-inflamatório não esteroide utilizado em medicina veterinária, caracterizado como sendo inerentemente amargo o que conduz a uma baixa palatabilidade. O método convencional da indústria farmacêutica para mitigar este problema tem por base, na fase de formulação do medicamento, a adição de excipientes aromatizados ao API, com a finalidade de mascarar o seu cheiro e sabor desagradável.Este trabalho tem como objetivo, explorar uma abordagem diferente no aumento da palatabilidade, baseando-se na formação de sólidos multicomponente, entre o carprofeno e coformadores geralmente considerados palatáveis. Assim, mascara-se o cheiro e o sabor desagradável inerente à molécula de carprofeno, via formação de sistemas com maior palatabilidade. Selecionou-se um conjunto de coformadores palatáveis, dl-mentol (MEN), vanilina (VAN), pirazina (PIR), metilpirazina (MPIR), dimetilpirazina (DMPIR), e nicotinato de metilo (NICM). Adicionalmente, investigaram-se outros dois coformadores, fenazina (FEN) e isonicotinamida (ISON).O screening foi efetuado para sistemas binários (carprofeno + coformador), em diversas relações estequiométricas, utilizando técnicas de mecanoquímica (com e sem adição de solvente). Também foi investigada a formação de um co-cristal ternário entre carprofeno-fenazina-vanilina, na estequiometria (1:1:1). As amostras obtidas foram caracterizadas por espectrometria de infravermelho em modo de reflexão total atenuada (FTIR-ATR), calorimetria diferencial de varrimento (DSC) e difração de raios-X em pó (PXRD). Obtiveram-se cinco sólidos multicomponente, com coformadores palatáveis, nomeadamente, CAR:PIR (1:1), CAR:MPIR (1:1), CAR:DMPIR (1:1), CAR:NICM (1:1) e CAR:NICM (2:1). Nas condições investigadas não houve associação entre o carprofeno e vanilina e dl-mentol. Durante a tentativa de obtenção de um co-cristal ternário CAR-FEN-VAN, foi descoberto um novo co-cristal CAR:FEN (2:1), cuja estrutura cristalina foi resolvida neste trabalho por difração de raios-X de monocristal. O ativo e o coformador nesta estrutura cristalina estão associados pelo sintão COOH···Narom. Este sintão espera-se que contribua para a formação dos co-cristais referidos anteriormente e também para os dois co-cristais obtidos com a isonicotinamida (CAR:ISON (1:1), CAR:ISON (2:1)). Foi identificado ainda um novo polimorfo do carprofeno (III), gerado durante o processo de moagem.

The inherent low palatability of some active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) used in veterinary medicine, administered orally, presents a challenge for the pharmaceutical industry, as it is a determining factor in their attractiveness to different animal species and breeds. One example of an API exhibiting this behavior is carprofen (CAR), the subject of this study. Carprofen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug used in veterinary medicine, characterized by its inherently bitter taste, leading to low palatability. The conventional method employed by the pharmaceutical industry to mitigate this issue is based on the addition of flavored excipients to the API during the drug formulation stage, in order to mask its unpleasant smell and taste.This study aims to explore a different approach to increasing palatability, based on the formation of multicomponent solids between carprofen and co-formers generally considered palatable. In this way, the unpleasant smell and taste inherent to the carprofen molecule are masked through the formation of systems with greater palatability. A set of palatable co-formers was selected: dl-menthol (MEN), vanillin (VAN), pyrazine (PIR), methylpyrazine (MPIR), dimethylpyrazine (DMPIR), and methyl nicotinate (NICM). Additionally, two other co-formers, phenazine (FEN) and isonicotinamide (ISON), were investigated.The screening was performed for binary systems (carprofen + co-former) in various stoichiometric ratios, using mechanochemistry techniques (with and without the addition of solvent). The formation of a ternary co-crystal between carprofen-phenazine-vanillin in the stoichiometry (1:1:1) was also investigated. The obtained samples were characterized by attenuated total reflection Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR-ATR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD).Five multicomponent solids with palatable co-formers were obtained, namely CAR:PIR (1:1), CAR:MPIR (1:1), CAR:DMPIR (1:1), CAR:NICM (1:1), and CAR:NICM (2:1). Under the investigated conditions, no association between carprofen and vanillin or dl-menthol was observed.During the attempt to obtain a ternary co-crystal CAR-FEN-VAN, a new co-crystal CAR:FEN (2:1) was discovered, whose crystal structure was resolved in this study through single-crystal X-ray diffraction. In this crystalline structure, the active ingredient and the co-former are associated by the COOH···Narom synthon. This synthon is also expected to contribute to the formation of the previously mentioned co-crystals, as well as the two co-crystals obtained with isonicotinamide (CAR:ISON (1:1), CAR:ISON (2:1)). A new polymorph of carprofen (III) was also identified, generated during the grinding process.

Dissertação de Mestrado em Química Farmacêutica Industrial apresentada à Faculdade de Farmácia

Country
Portugal
Related Organizations
Keywords

carprofen, carprofeno, difração de raios-X, cocristal, FTIR-ATR, co-crystal, DSC, X-ray diffraction

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
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