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Estudo Geral
Master thesis . 2025
Data sources: Estudo Geral
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HIPOGONADISMO HIPOGONADOTRÓFICO NO SEXO MASCULINO: DIAGNÓSTICO E TRATAMENTO. REVISÃO NARRATIVA

Authors: Resende, Tiago Xavier Pinto;

HIPOGONADISMO HIPOGONADOTRÓFICO NO SEXO MASCULINO: DIAGNÓSTICO E TRATAMENTO. REVISÃO NARRATIVA

Abstract

Introdução: O hipogonadismo hipogonadotrófico (HH) é uma patologia rara que pode ser do tipo adquirido ou congénito. No sexo masculino, cursa com sintomatologia típica de subvirilização, disfunção sexual e infertilidade, e o diagnóstico tem por base a avaliação hormonal, com uma diminuição dos valores normais de testosterona e, concomitantemente, de gonadotrofinas. Habitualmente, o tratamento cursa com a reposição androgénica e/ou gonadotrófica ou com hormona libertadora das gonadotrofinas (GnRH), tendo em conta a clínica e os objetivos terapêuticos. O objetivo do nosso estudo foi sistematizar, com base na bibliografia existente, os diferentes métodos de diagnóstico e tratamento, assim como objetivos terapêuticos, do HH no sexo masculino, tendo em conta cada uma das faixas etárias (criança, adolescente e adulto).Métodos: Foi realizada uma pesquisa bibliográfica através da Pubmed Central até dezembro de 2024 com as palavras-chave Hypogonadism Hipogonadotropic AND Azoospermia e Hypogonadism Hipogonadotropic AND Infant. Os artigos elegíveis foram selecionados consoante o abstract e no final foram incluídos nesta revisão 28 artigos.Discussão: Os estudos demonstraram que a abordagem diagnóstica do doente com HH varia consoante a idade. Na criança segue uma estrutura de “História Clínica, Exame Físico, Avaliação Laboratorial, Exames de Imagem, Avaliação Genética, Biópsia Testicular e Avaliação de causas secundárias” e, no adolescente e adulto, há adicionalmente a avaliação do Espermograma. Quanto ao tratamento, os diferentes procedimentos devem ser adaptados à faixa etária e objetivos terapêuticos do doente. Na criança tem por base a administração de GnRH ou de gonadotrofinas em monoterapia ou combinadas como gonadotrofina coriónica humana (hCG), hormona folículo-estimulante recombinante (rFSH), hormona folículo-estimulante urinária (uFSH), gonadotrofina menopáusica humana (HMG) e hormona luteinizante recombinante (rLH), com eficácia equivalente. O tratamento complementar de testosterona para aumento peniano, se necessário, pode ser prescrito. No adolescente e adulto o tratamento tem por base gonadotrofinas combinadas, sendo que a evidência aponta para o tratamento com hCG e uFSH/rFSH como superior. Ainda, o tratamento adicional com testosterona pode ser proposto para controlo dos sintomas de hipogonadismo, ou em monoterapia se a fertilidade não é uma prioridade. Nos doentes com HH adquirido, além deste tratamento, o uso de moduladores seletivos dos recetores do estrogénio é importante para o controlo sintomático, sendo o tratamento da causa subjacente a solução definitiva nestes doentes.Conclusão: Nestes doentes, um diagnóstico precoce, apesar de desafiante, é crucial, podendo levar a um melhor prognóstico terapêutico e menos complicações a longo prazo. A escolha de tratamento adaptado para um doente é decisiva, trazendo benefícios em todas as áreas da sua saúde, incluindo a saúde reprodutiva, cardiovascular, metabólica e até psicológica. Deste modo, faltam ainda mais estudos do tipo revisão sistemática e metanálise para se objetivarem as melhores terapias e dosagens específicas para cada faixa etária.

Introduction: Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (HH) is a rare condition that can be acquired or congenital. In males, it presents with typical symptoms of under-virilization, sexual dysfunction and infertility, and diagnosis is based on hormonal evaluation, with a decrease in normal testosterone and, concomitantly, gonadotropin values. Treatment usually involves androgen and/or gonadotrophic replacement or gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH), taking into account the clinical and therapeutic goals. The aim of our study was to systematize, based on the existing bibliography, the different methods of diagnosis and treatment, as well as therapeutic objectives, of male HH, taking into account each of the age groups (child, adolescent and adult).Methods: A bibliographic search was carried out using Pubmed Central until December 2024 with the keywords Hypogonadism Hipogonadotropic AND Azoospermia and Hypogonadism Hipogonadotropic AND Infant. Eligible articles were selected according to their abstract and in the end 28 articles were included in this review.Discussion: Studies have shown that the diagnostic approach to patients with HH varies according to age. In children, it follows a structure of “Clinical History, Physical Examination, Laboratory Evaluation, Imaging Examination, Genetic Evaluation, Testicular Biopsy and Evaluation of Secondary Causes” and, in adolescents and adults, we also have the evaluation of the Spermogram. As far as treatment is concerned, the different procedures must be adapted to the patient's age group and therapeutic goals. In children, it is based on the administration of GnRH or gonadotropins in monotherapy or in combination, such as human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), recombinant follicle-stimulating hormone (rFSH), urinary follicle-stimulating hormone (uFSH), human menopausal gonadotropin (HMG) and recombinant luteinizing hormone (rLH), with equivalent efficacy. Supplementary testosterone treatment for penile enlargement, if necessary, can be prescribed. In adolescents and adults, treatment is based on combined gonadotrophins, with the evidence pointing to treatment with hCG and FSH as being superior. Furthermore, additional treatment with testosterone may be proposed to control the symptoms of hypogonadism, or as monotherapy if fertility is not a priority. In patients with acquired HH, in addition to this treatment, the use of selective estrogen receptor modulators is common for symptomatic control, with treatment of the underlying cause being the definitive solution in these patients.Conclusion: In these patients, an early diagnosis, although challenging, is crucial and can lead to better therapeutic prognosis and fewer long-term complications. The choice of treatment adapted to the patient is decisive, bringing benefits in all areas of their health, including reproductive, cardiovascular, metabolic and even psychological health. Therefore, there is still a need for more studies like systematic reviews and meta-analysis in order to define the best therapies and specific dosages for each age group.

Trabalho Final do Mestrado Integrado em Medicina apresentado à Faculdade de Medicina

Country
Portugal
Related Organizations
Keywords

Hipogonadismo Hipogonadotrófico, Infertility, Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism, Spermatogenesis, Gonadotropins, Infertilidade, Gonadotrofinas, Azoospermia, Espermatogénese

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
Average
Average
Green