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Estudo Geral
Doctoral thesis . 2025
Data sources: Estudo Geral
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Method Development Based on an Analytical Quality by Design (AQBD) Approach

Authors: Chiarentin, Lucas;

Method Development Based on an Analytical Quality by Design (AQBD) Approach

Abstract

Inicialmente introduzido pela Food and Drug Admnistration (FDA) e posteriormente implementado nas diretrizes Q8(R2) pelo International Council on Harmonization (ICH), o conceito Quality by Design (QbD) propõe uma abordagem sistemática e baseada na ciência para o desenvolvimento e fabrico farmacêuticos, sustentada pela gestão de risco. Atualmente, a abordagem QbD tem sido implementada com sucesso no desenvolvimento quer de novos medicamentos quer genéricos. Os seus príncipios foram, entretanto, estendidos ao domínio analítico como Analytical Quality by Design (AQbD), garantindo robustez, desempenho melhorado, flexibilidade regulamentar e redução dos custos operacionais ao longo do ciclo de vida dos métodos analíticos. Neste contexto, esta tese teve como objetivo estabelecer uma estrutura AQbD para o desenvolvimento e validação de metodologias analíticas aplicadas a formas farmacêuticas semissólidas complexas, incluindo, microscopia automatizada, difração de raios laser, reologia, mucoadesão e espectroscopia por infravermelho próximo (NIR). As metodologias analíticas foram desenvolvidas seguindo as diretrizes ICH Q8(R2)-Q10 e ICH Q14 e validadas de acordo com a ICH Q2.A microscopia automatizada (AM) e difração de raios laser (LD) foram utilizadas para a análise de tamanho de partículas do creme de propionato de clobetasol (CP). O conhecimento prévio foi considerado para a construção do diagrama de Ishikawa (ID) e análise de modo e efeitos de falha como parte da avaliação de risco. Os resultados indicaram que deve ser estabelecido um equilíbrio entre as técnicas AM e LD para a determinação do tamanho de partículas. Adicionalmente, a espectroscopia de Raman foi utilizada para determinar a composição química das partículas da formulação.Relativamente ao método de reologia, o creme de CP foi também utilizado, tendo sido realizada uma avaliação de risco através de um ID e da estimativa da análise de modo de falha, efeitos e criticidade. A aplicação da amostra, o controlo de temperatura por Peltier e o tempo de repouso da amostra foram identificados como variáveis críticas do método (CMVs), tendo sido aplicado um planeamento fatorial completo 23 para compreender o seu impacto nas medições rotacionais, de creep recovery e ocilatórios. O método demostrou precisão adequada (desvio-padrão relativo, DPR < 15%) e bem como seletividade.O método de mucoadesão foi desenvolvido com base num texturómetro e integrado com os estudos de reologia para avaliar formulações de pomada retal (policresuleno e cloridrato de cinchocaína). Para tal, foi realizada uma avaliação de risco, seguida de um planeamento Box-Behnken para avaliar o impacto da força aplicada, a força de gatilho (trigger) e o tempo de contacto (CMVs) sobre a força máxima, o trabalho de adesão e a distância de deslocamento como atributos críticos analíticos (CAAs). Os resultados foram interpretados no contexto das teorias de mucoadesão para otimizar o desempenho da formulação. A análise da superfície de resposta estabeleceu a região operável de desenho do método (MODR), identificando as condições ótimas. Adicionalmente, foram investigadas as propriedades viscoelásticas dinâmicas da pomada e da mucina para inferir a medida da força da interação mucoadesiva.Por fim, recorreu-se à espectroscopia por NIR e à cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência em fase reversa (RP-HPLC), combinadas com análise multivariada, para avaliar o doseamento e estimar o perfil de permeação do creme bifonazol a 10 mg/g, aplicando uma abordagem parcial AQbD. Foram utilizados modelos preditivos baseados em mínimos quadrados parciais iterativos não lineares com validação cruzada leave-one-out. O modelo de quantificação permitiu a determinação do teor de bifonazol, tendo sido obtida uma concentração de 8,5 mg/g por NIR e 8,3 mg/g por RP-HPLC, com um RSD de 1,25 %. Estes resultados demonstram a robustez e fiabilidade do modelo, tornando-o adequado para o controlo de qualidade em rotina das formulações de bifonazol. No entanto, o estudo revelou limitações na correlação das concentrações obtidas para a estimativa do perfil de permeação em pele humana, destacando a necessidade de mais investigação para otimizar a análise cutânea. No geral, estes resultados reforçam a importância da abordagem AQbD no desenvolvimento de métodos analíticos, fornecendo orientação inovadoras para as metodologias estudadas. O desenvolvimento analítico na indústria farmacêutica enfrenta desafios na gestão de um portefólio altamente dinâmico, com estratégias flexíveis e adequadas a cada fase do ciclo de vida do produto. Cada fase apresenta desafios únicos, exigindo abordagens inteligentes que equilibrem recursos para o conhecimento do processo e do produto, assegurando flexibilidade regulamentar durante a comercialização.

Initially introduced by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and later incorporated into the ICH Q8(R2) guidelines by the International Council on Harmonization (ICH), the concept of Quality by Design (QbD) advocates a systematic, science-driven approach to pharmaceutical development and manufacturing, underpinned by risk management. Nowadays, the QbD approach has been successfully adopted in the development of both new and generic formulations. Its principles have since been extended to the analytical domain as Analytical Quality by Design (AQbD) to ensure robustness, enhanced performance, regulatory flexibility, and reduced operational costs throughout the lifecycle of analytical methods. Against this backdrop, this thesis aimed to establish an AQbD framework for developing and validating analytical methodologies applied to complex semisolid dosage forms, including, automated microscopy, laser light diffraction, rheology, texture analyzer-based mucoadhesion and near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). Optimizing these techniques is essential due to the complexity of semisolid dosage forms and the need for more robust, reproducible, and efficient analytical methods. Analytical methodologies were developed following the ICH Q8(R2)-Q10, and ICH Q14 guidelines and validated according to ICH Q2.In the automated microscopy (AM) and laser light diffraction (LD) methodologies, employed to analyze the particle size of clobetasol propionate (CP) cream, prior knowledge was considered for the construction of the Ishikawa diagram (ID) and estimate failure mode and effects analysis as part of risk assessment. The results indicated that a trade-off between the AM and LD techniques must be established for a particle size by design. Additionally, Raman spectroscopy coupled to AM enabled to determine the chemical composition of the formulation particles, contributing to an enhanced discriminatory analysis.Regarding the rheology method, in which CP cream was also used, risk assessment was carried out through an ID and an estimate failure mode, effects and criticality analysis. Sample application, peltier temperature control, and sample rest time were identified as critical method variables (CMVs), and a 23 full factorial design was applied to understand their impact on the rotational, creep recovery and oscillatory measurements. The method demonstrated adequate precision (RSD < 15%), as well as selectivity. A texture analyzer-based mucoadhesion method, integrated with rheology studies was also driven to evaluate rectal ointment (policresulene and cinchoacaine hydrochloride) formulations. Risk assessment was conducted, followed by a Box-Behnken design to assess how applied force, trigger force, and contact time (CMVs) influence peak force, work of adhesion and debonding distance as critical analytical attributes (CAAs). Results were interpreted using mucoadhesion theories to optimize formulation performance. Response surface analysis established the method operable design region (MODR), identifying optimal conditions. Additionally, the dynamic viscoelastic properties of the ointment and mucin were investigated to mitigate the measure of strength of the mucoadhesive interaction.Finally, near-infrared spectroscopy (NIR) and reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC), combined with multivariate analysis, were used to assess the drug assay and permeation profile estimation of bifonazole 10 mg/g cream, under a partial AQbD approach. Nonlinear iterative partial least squares with leave-one-out cross validation were used as a predictive model. The quantification model determined bifonazole content, yielding 8.5 mg/g by NIRS and 8.3 mg/g by RP-HPLC, with a relative standard deviation (RSD) of 1.25 %. These results demonstrate the robustness and reliability of the model, making it suitable for routine quality control of bifonazole formulations. However, the study revealed limitations on correlating the concentrations obtained with the permeation profile estimation in human skin, highlighting the need for further research to optimize skin analysis.Overall, these findings underscore the importance of the AQbD approach in analytical method development, providing innovative guidance for the reported methodologies. Analytical development in the pharmaceutical industry must adapt to a dynamic portfolio with flexible, phase-appropriate strategies. Each phase presents unique challenges, requiring smart approaches that balance resources with process and product understanding, ensuring regulatory flexibility during commercialization.

Outro - This Ph.D. thesis was funded by the PD/BDE/150717/2020 and COVID/BDE/153661/2024 fellowships, from the Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (Portugal), and by Laboratórios Basi – Indústria Farmacêutica S.A. (Portugal).

Tese de Doutoramento em Ciências Farmacêuticas apresentada à Faculdade de Farmácia

Country
Portugal
Related Organizations
Keywords

Variáveis críticas do método (CMVs), Ciências médicas e da saúde::Ciências da saúde, Analytical method development, Analytical target profile (ATP), Desenvolvimento do método analítico, Quality by design analítico, Analytical quality by design, Critical analytical attributes (CAAs), Perfil analítico alvo (ATP), Critical method variables (CMVs), Atributos críticos analíticos (CAAs)

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
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