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Estudo Geral
Doctoral thesis . 2025
Data sources: Estudo Geral
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Integrons and Integron-borne antibiotic resistance in clinical settings and wastewater

Authors: Tavares, Rafael dos Santos;

Integrons and Integron-borne antibiotic resistance in clinical settings and wastewater

Abstract

Os integrões são elementos genéticos que adquirem e expressam cassetes de genes (CGs) que se encontram livres no meio extracelular, nomeadamente cassetes que codificam resistência a antimicrobianos (RACGs). Os principais objetivos desta tese foram elucidar o papel dos integrões na disseminação de resistência a antimicrobianos (RAM), nomeadamente no que diz respeito a mecanismos de resistência de relevância clínica, e explorar a diversidade e a dinâmica de integrões presentes em água residual. Dado que as beta-lactamases (BLs) são o principal mecanismo de resistência aos beta-lactâmicos, explorámos a associação de integrões com BLs através da análise de sequências da base de dados INTEGRALL e efetuando uma revisão da literatura. Foram identificadas cassetes de genes que codificam BLs (BLCGs) de 18 famílias diferentes, sendo blaOXA, blaIMP e blaVIM as mais abundantes, enquanto blaGES, blaBEL e genes que codificam BLs da classe B1 surgiram exclusivamente associados a integrões. A maioria das variantes de BLCGs identificadas codificava carbapenemases. Foi também observada a presença de genes que codificam resistência à maioria das classes de antibióticos em integrões portadores de BLCGs. Genes codificantes de BLs pertencentes a 13 famílias distintas foram encontrados a jusante da ISCR1 em integrões complexos. A maioria das sequências analisadas provinha de ambientes clínicos, enquanto as águas residuais destacaram-se como o compartimento ambiental mais rico em integrões portadores de BLCGs. Os resultados obtidos indicam que os integrões desempenham um papel importante na disseminação de resistência aos antibióticos beta-lactâmicos. A identificação do gene blaNDM em integrões complexos nesta análise, apoiou a caracterização de uma estirpe clínica de Escherichia coli ST156 portadora de blaNDM-5 num contexto genético semelhante. Para compreender o papel dos integrões na disseminação da NDM realizámos uma análise de genómica comparativa com um total de 669 sequências disponíveis em bases de dados públicas. Na estirpe analisada, o gene blaNDM-5 estava inserido num integrão complexo, transportado por um plasmídeo FIB-FII. A análise dos genomas de E. coli ST156 (n = 138) e dos genomas de E. coli positivos para blaNDM-5 (n = 431) da base de dados PATRIC revelou uma contribuição limitada desta linhagem para a disseminação de blaNDM comparativamente com outros clones de E. coli. A análise comparativa de genomas demonstrou que o gene blaNDM era transportado por integrões em 48% dos plasmídeos analisados e em 49% dos genomas de E. coli ST156 positivas para blaNDM, desta forma provando que a associação de blaNDM a integrões complexos é mais frequente do que se previa. Na segunda parte desta tese caracterizámos os integrões de classe 1 e classe 3 presentes em água residual tratada através da sequenciação por PacBio. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a diversidade de integrões, as suas dinâmicas temporais, e o potencial risco para a saúde pública. Os dados revelaram uma grande diversidade e variabilidade no pool de integrões ao longo do ano, sendo a RAM a função conhecida mais abundante, nomeadamente a resistência a beta-lactâmicos e aminoglicosídeos. As BLCGs identificadas codificavam maioritariamente carbapenemases e BLs de espectro alargado. Como tal, os nossos resultados indicam que a água residual tratada constitui um reservatório de integrões de classe 1 e de classe 3, com potencial risco para a saúde humana e animal. Por último, foi avaliado o desempenho de genes associados a integrões como potenciais indicadores de RAM em influentes e efluentes duma Estação de Tratamento de Águas Residuais ao longo de 1 ano. Apesar das flutuações nas comunidades bacterianas e no resistoma devido a influências sazonais e do tratamento, a abundância dos genes intI1, blaGES e qacE∆1 correlacionou-se de forma consistente com o conteúdo total de genes de RAM na água residual, enquanto os genes blaGES e blaVIM correlacionaram-se com a abundância de mecanismos de resistência específicos para algumas classes de antibióticos. Portanto, os genes associados a integrões revelaram-se indicadores fiáveis de RAM em água residual. De uma forma geral, os nossos resultados demonstram que os integrões (i) são intervenientes fundamentais na disseminação de RAM, nomeadamente de resistência a antibióticos de último recurso, dispondo de um variado arsenal de RACGs que podem capturar e expressar tanto em ambientes clínicos como em contextos ambientais; (ii) constituem um risco para a saúde humana e animal e (iii) são um alvo útil para a monitorização de RAM em amostras de ambientes fortemente contaminados, como águas residuais. Os dados obtidos salientam a necessidade de desenvolver estratégias que permitam mitigar a disseminação de RAM e podem apoiar os decisores políticos e autoridades na implementação de programas de monitorização regular de RAM em ambientes chave.

Integrons are genetic elements capable of acquiring and express free extracellular gene cassettes (GCs), namely antimicrobial resistance gene cassettes (ARGCs). The main objectives of this thesis were to elucidate the role of integrons in the spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), with a focus on resistance mechanisms of critical importance in healthcare, and to explore the diversity and dynamics of the integron pool in the wastewater compartment. Given that beta-lactamases (BLs) are the main resistance mechanism to beta-lactams, we explored the association of integrons and BLs by analysing sequences from the INTEGRALL database and performing a literature review. BL-encoding gene cassettes (BLGCs) from 18 families were identified, with blaOXA, blaIMP and blaVIM being the most abundant, and blaGES, blaBEL and class B1 bla genes being found exclusively associated to integrons. Most of the identified BLGCs variants encoded carbapenemases. GCs conferring resistance to all major antibiotic classes were identified in BLGC-carrying integrons. BL-encoding genes from 13 families were found downstream of ISCR1 in complex integrons. While most integron sequences were recovered from clinical settings, wastewater emerged as the richest environmental reservoir. Thus, integrons were shown to play an important role in beta-lactams resistance dissemination. The identification of blaNDM in complex integrons in this analysis supported the characterization of a Escherichia coli ST156 clinical strain carrying a blaNDM-5 in a similar genetic environment. Comparative genomics was performed on 669 sequences from public databases to understand the role of integrons in NDM dissemination. blaNDM-5 was located in a complex integron carried by a FIB-FII plasmid. Analysis of the genomes of the E. coli ST156 lineage (n = 138) and blaNDM-5-carrying E. coli genomes (n = 431) from PATRIC database showed a limited contribution of ST156 to blaNDMspread comparatively to other sequence types. Comparative genomics showed that blaNDM was integron-borne in 48% of the plasmids analysed and in 49% of the E. coli ST156 clones carrying blaNDM, indicating that blaNDM association with complex integrons is more frequent than previously expected.In the second part of this thesis, we characterized the class 1 and class 3 integron pool of treated wastewater by PacBio long-read sequencing. This study was performed to unveil integron diversity, their temporal dynamics, and potential health threats. Data revealed a high diversity and variability in the integron pool along the year, with AMR being the most abundant known function, particularly resistance to beta-lactams and aminoglycosides. Notably, the BLGCs identified frequently encoded carbapenemases and extended-spectrum BLs. Our findings highlight the role of treated wastewater as a reservoir of class 1 and class 3 resistance integrons and the potential risks to human and animal health. Lastly, the suitability of integron-related genes was tested as potential indicators of AMR in influent and effluent wastewater over the course of 1 year. Despite the seasonal- and treatment-driven variations in bacterial communities and resistome, the abundance of intI1, blaGES and qacE∆1 genes correlated consistently with the total AMR loads, while blaGES and blaVIM genes correlated with the abundance of resistance mechanisms to specific antibiotic classes. Hence, these integron-associated genes are reliable indicators of AMR in wastewater. Overall, our results show that integrons (i) are pivotal players in AMR dissemination, particularly in what regards resistance to last-line antibiotics, exhibiting a diverse arsenal of ARGCs to acquire and express in clinical and environmental settings; (ii) pose a risk to human and animal health and (iii) represent a useful target to monitor AMR in heavily contaminated sample matrixes, such as wastewater. Furthermore, the data collected highlight the need for the development of mitigation strategies to prevent AMR spread and should help stakeholders in implementing regular AMR surveillance in key compartments.

Tese de Doutoramento em Biociências apresentada à Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia

FCT

Country
Portugal
Related Organizations
Keywords

Ciências exactas e naturais::Ciências biológicas, Mobile Genetic Elements, Antibiotic Resistance Genes, Cassetes de genes, Elementos Genéticos Móveis, Resistoma, Resistome, Gene cassettes, Beta-lactamases, Genes Resistência Antibióticos

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
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