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Estudo Geral
Master thesis . 2024
Data sources: Estudo Geral
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CRISPR-based gene activation for the study and treatment of MJD/SCA3

Authors: Pinto, António Marcos Gomes;

CRISPR-based gene activation for the study and treatment of MJD/SCA3

Abstract

A doença de Machado-Joseph (DMJ) é uma doença neurodegenerativa caracterizada por uma expansão anormal do tripleto CAG no gene MJD 1/ATXN3, que resulta num trato de poliglutamina alargado no interior da proteína ataxina-3. Este aumento perigoso da função causa neurodegeneração em várias regiões do cérebro através de uma variedade de vias patogénicas. Atualmente, não existe uma terapêutica capaz de reduzir a progressão das ataxias PolyQ e apenas estão disponíveis algumas terapêuticas sintomáticas para ajudar os doentes a melhorar a sua qualidade de vida. Sem dúvida, as terapias mais promissoras para a DMJ e para as ataxias poliQ afins são as que visam as principais vias patogénicas no início da evolução da doença. Nesta circunstância, a terapia génica parece ser uma opção.A terapia génica, que inclui a introdução de material genético estranho, como os ácidos nucleicos, nas células, oferece um elevado potencial para o tratamento de doenças genéticas. Pode ser utilizada para parar a expressão de proteínas tóxicas ou para inserir genes benéficos em células danificadas. As ferramentas emergentes de edição de genes podem apagar, substituir ou reparar genes com expansão CAG, bem como alterar outros genes modificadores de doenças, permitindo que a doença seja tratada numa fase precoce. No entanto, as doenças poliQ são doenças dominantes em que a patologia é maioritariamente causada por um ganho de função tóxico. De acordo com a investigação, a produção de proteínas específicas que previnam os eventos nocivos envolvidos no desenvolvimento da doença poliQ pode ter efeitos terapêuticos. Estas técnicas visam frequentemente processos a jusante da síntese da proteína poliQ. A tecnologia CRISPR foi reutilizada para regular a expressão genética em investigações pré-clínicas, permitindo a modulação simultânea de vários genes (conhecida como ativação CRISPR ou CRISPRa). Este método parece ser especialmente promissor no caso das doenças neurodegenerativas, que têm várias causas.Este estudo teve como objetivo desenvolver e validar uma abordagem baseada na CRISPRa para ativar a expressão de genes neuroprotectores, centrando-se especificamente em doenças poliQ como a DMJ. Para tal, começámos por desenhar sgRNAs utilizando uma plataforma de análise in silico, seguida de um ensaio de rastreio in vitro em HEK293T utilizando um sistema dCas9 miniaturizado acoplado a VPR, um plasmídeo contendo sgRNA(s), um gene repórter controlado pelo promotor de interesse e uma construção de normalização. A tecnologia para realizar a seleção de sgRNA baseou-se num rastreio de microscopia semi-automatizado.Em seguida, os principais candidatos a sgRNA foram validados em células Neuro2a, e os níveis endógenos de mRNA e proteína de genes neuroprotetores foram medidos por RT-qPCR e análise de western blotting.Em conclusão, conseguimos conceber e validar várias construções de sgRNA capazes de aumentar a expressão de genes neuroprotectores. Uma vez que estes genes têm um potencial neuroprotector conhecido, estas estratégias poderão desempenhar um papel muito importante não só na DMJ, mas também numa vasta gama de doenças neurodegenerativas.

Machado-Joseph Disease (MJD) is a neurodegenerative condition characterized by an abnormal expansion of the CAG triplet in the MJD 1/ATXN3 gene, which results in an enlarged polyglutamine tract inside the ataxin-3 protein. This hazardous increase in function causes neurodegeneration in multiple brain regions via a variety of pathogenic pathways. There is currently no therapy that can reduce the progression of PolyQ ataxias, and just a few symptomatic therapies are available to help patients improve their quality of life. Undoubtedly, the most promising therapies for MJD and kindred polyQ ataxias are those that target core pathogenic pathways early in the disease's evolution. In this circumstance, gene therapy appears to be an option.Gene therapy, which includes introducing foreign genetic material such as nucleic acids into cells, offers a high potential for treating genetic illnesses. It can be used to stop the expression of toxic proteins or to insert beneficial genes into damaged cells. Emerging gene-editing tools can delete, replace, or repair CAG-expanded genes, as well as change other disease-modifying genes, allowing the disease to be treated at an early stage. However, polyQ illnesses are dominant disorders in which pathology is mostly caused by a toxic gain-of-function. According to research, producing specific proteins that prevent the harmful events involved in polyQ disease development may have therapeutic effects. These techniques frequently target processes downstream from polyQ protein synthesis. CRISPR technology has been repurposed for regulating gene expression in preclinical investigations, allowing for the simultaneous modulation of several genes (known as CRISPR activation or CRISPRa). This method looks to be especially promising in the case of neurodegenerative illnesses, which have several causes.This study aimed to develop and validate a CRISPRa-based approach to activate the expression of neuroprotective genes, specifically focusing on polyQ disorders like MJD. To achieve this, we first designed sgRNAs using an in silico analysis platform, followed by an in vitro screening assay in HEK293T using a miniaturized dCas9 system coupled with VPR, a plasmid containing sgRNA(s), a reporter gene controlled by the promoter of interest, and a normalization construct. The technology for performing the sgRNA selection was based on a semi-automated microscopy screening.Next, top sgRNA candidates were validated in Neuro2a cells, and the endogenous mRNA and protein levels of neuroprotective genes were measured by RT-qPCR and western blotting analysis.In conclusion, we were able to design and validate several sgRNA constructs capable of raising the expression of neuroprotector genes. Since these genes have known neuroprotective potential, these strategies could play a very important role not only in MJD but in a wide range of neurodegenerative diseases.

Outro - This laboratory is financed by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), through the Regional Operational Program Center 2020, Competitiveness Factors Operational Program (COMPETE 2020), and National Funds through FCT: UIDB and UIDP/04539/2020, LA/P/0058/2020, MODELPOLYQ 2.O (CENTRO-01-0145-FEDER-181258), MJDEDIT (CENTRO-01-0145-FEDER-181266), BDFORMJD (CENTRO-01-0145-FEDER- 181240), ViraVector (CENTRO-01-0145-FEDER-022095), ARDAT (IMI2 JU; No 945473 supported by the European Union's H2020 program and EFPIA), and GeneT-Teaming Project (101059981) funded by the EU's Horizon program. It is also funded by the National Ataxia Foundation and AFM Telethon

Dissertação de Mestrado em Biotecnologia Farmacêutica apresentada à Faculdade de Farmácia

Country
Portugal
Related Organizations
Keywords

CRISPRa, Transcriptional activation, Gene therapy, Doença de Machado-Joseph, Machado-Joseph disease, Neuroprotector genes, Genes neuroprotetores, Ativação transcricional, Terapia génica

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
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