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Estudo Geral
Master thesis . 2024
Data sources: Estudo Geral
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Nanoesponjas de ciclodextrinas para adsorção de fitofármacos

Authors: Lourenço, Cindy;

Nanoesponjas de ciclodextrinas para adsorção de fitofármacos

Abstract

Ao longo dos anos, têm se observado um aumento significativo do uso mundial de pesticidas desde a introdução destes produtos na agricultura, devida à necessidade de acompanhar a demanda de produção de alimentos. No entanto, vários estudos demonstraram que a utilização destes químicos é acompanhada de efeitos prejudiciais para a saúde e meio ambiente quando ocorre um uso inadequado ou excessivo destes produtos, registando-se o aparecimento residual de pesticidas nas águas e alimentos. É, por este motivo, necessário que haja uma procura constante por métodos de remediação.Neste projeto foram sintetizadas nanoesponjas de α-ciclodextrina e β-ciclodextrina, com o objetivo de estudar a adsorção de pesticidas para remediação ambiental, utilizando três aminas com diferentes comprimentos de cadeia: NH2 (NH2-CD), hexametilenodiamina (am6-CD) e dodecanodiamina (am12-CD). Posteriormente, as nanoesponjas foram polimerizadas com glutaraldeído e, por fim, reduzidas com boro hidreto de sódio.A caraterização das ciclodextrinas foi feita por meio de diversas técnicas para estudar o comportamento das nanoesponjas em diferentes situações e analisar a sua morfologia. A Ressonância Magnética Nuclear (RMN) permitiu confirmar a estrutura molecular das amostras, através da Espetroscopia de Infravermelho por Transformada de Fourier (FTIR) observou-se uma banda larga na região de 3400-3300 cm-1 caraterística de vibrações -OH e -NH, a 3400-3300 cm-1 as elongações simétrica e assimétrica de C-H, os picos a 1660 cm-1 e 1550 cm-1 correspondem a elongações N-H, à deformação tesoura -CH2 observa-se um pico a 1460 cm-1 e, por último, os picos de elongação e deformação tesoura C-O-C entre 1155 e 1043 cm-1, a Análise Termogravimétrica (TGA) forneceu informação sobre o comportamento térmico das ciclodextrinas que num primeiro evento térmico sofrem desidratação e posteriormente a temperaturas mais elevadas sofrem duas degradações, da Dispersão Dinâmica de Luz (DLS) retirou-se os valores de tamanho das partículas que mostram que o aumento da cadeia alifática das nanoesponjas proporciona a formação de agregados, levando a um maior tamanho médio, as nanoesponjas am12-α-CD e am12-β-CD apresentaram um PDI menor indicando que a população de partículas é homogénea, não tendo tendência a formar agregados e as restantes nanoesponjas apresentam um PDI que indica que a população de partículas é heterogénea, os potencias zeta positivos podem indicar que a suspensão é instável e há formação de aglomerados, enquanto um potencial zeta negativo indica que a estabilidade é moderada, estes potenciais poderão ter sido influenciados pelo pH, a Microscopia Eletrónica de Varrimento (SEM) permitiu obter as imagens das nanoesponjas sendo que se observou uma morfologia irregular e porosa devido à reticulação, o método de BET estudou a área superficial, o volume e tamanho do poro, em que se constatou que a am6-α-CD apresenta maior área superficial e maior volume de poro em relação às restantes nanoesponjas sintetizadas sendo então a mais porosa e com maior superfície para adsorver outros compostos e a am6-β-CD apresenta menor área superficial e menor volume de poro sendo menos porosa, e menos suscetível a adsorver moléculas na sua superfície, a NH2-α-CD e a am6-α-CD são classificadas como macroporos e as restantes NEs como mesoporos, e a análise elemental da quantidade presente de carbono, hidrogénio, nitrogénio, enxofre e oxigénio nas amostras, onde se observou que quanto maior a cadeia alifática do ligante maior a quantidade de carbono e hidrogénio presente e menor a quantidade de oxigénio presente.Os estudos de adsorção dos fitofármacos em estudo, o Bentazona e o Mecoprop, por parte das nanoesponjas NH2-α-CD, am6-α-CD e NH2-β-CD foram efetuados por Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Eficiência (HPLC), através dos quais se verificou que ambas as nanoesponjas sintetizadas apresentaram valores elevados de eficiência de remoção dos herbicidas, com RE% superiores a 95% para o Mecoprop e RE% superiores a 70% para a Bentazona.

Over the years, there has been a significant increase in the worldwide use of pesticides since the introduction of these products in agriculture, due to the need to keep up with the demand for food production. However, several studies have shown that the use of these chemicals is accompanied by harmful effects on health and the environment when inappropriate or excessive use of these products occurs, with the residual appearance of pesticides in water and food. It is, for this reason, necessary that there be a constant search for remediation methods. In this project, α-cyclodextrin and β-cyclodextrin nanosponges were synthesized, with the aim of studying the adsorption of pesticides for environmental remediation, using three amines with different chain lengths: NH2 (NH2-CD), hexamethylenediamine (am6-CD) and dodecanediamine (am12-CD). Subsequently, the nanosponges were polymerized with glutaraldehyde and, finally, reduced with sodium borohydride. The characterization of cyclodextrins was carried out using different techniques to study the behavior of nanosponges in different situations and analyze their morphology. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) made it possible to confirm the molecular structure of the samples, through Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) a broad band was observed in the region of 3400-3300 cm-1 characteristic of -OH and -NH vibrations, at 3400-3300 cm-1 the symmetric and asymmetric elongations of C-H, the peaks at 1660 cm-1 and 1550 cm-1 correspond to N-H elongations, the -CH2 scissor deformation a peak at 1460 cm-1 is observed and, finally, the C-O-C elongation and scissor deformation peaks between 1155 and 1043 cm-1, Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) provided information on the thermal behavior of cyclodextrins which in a first thermal event undergo dehydration and subsequently at higher temperatures undergo two degradations, from Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) the particle size values were removed, which show that the increase in the aliphatic chain of the nanosponges provides the formation of aggregates, leading to a larger average size, the am12-α-CD and am12-β-CD presented a lower PDI indicating that the particle population is homogeneous, with no tendency to form aggregates and the remaining nanosponges present a PDI that indicates that the particle population is heterogeneous, the positive zeta potential may indicate that the suspension is unstable and there is the formation of agglomerates, while a negative zeta potential indicates that stability is moderate, these potentials may have been influenced by pH, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) allowed images of the nanosponges to be obtained and an irregular and porous morphology was observed due to cross-linking, the BET method studied the surface area, volume and pore size, in which it was found that am6-α-CD has a greater surface area and pore volume in relation to the remaining synthesized nanosponges, thus being the most porous and with a larger surface to adsorb other compounds and am6-β-CD has a smaller surface area and smaller pore volume, being less porous and less susceptible to adsorbing molecules on its surface, NH2-α-CD and am6-α-CD are classified as macropores and the remaining NEs as mesopores, and the elemental analysis of the amount of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen present in the samples, where it was observed that the longer the aliphatic chain of the ligand, the greater the amount of carbon and hydrogen present and the smaller the amount of oxygen present. The adsorption studies of the phytopharmaceuticals under study, Bentazone and Mecoprop, by NH2-α-CD, am6-α-CD and NH2-β-CD nanosponges were carried out by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), using which it was found that both synthesized nanosponges presented high herbicide removal efficiency values, with RE% greater than 95% for Mecoprop and RE% greater than 70% for Bentazone.

Dissertação de Mestrado em Química apresentada à Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia

Country
Portugal
Related Organizations
Keywords

pesticida, cyclodextrin, bentazon, ciclodextrina, mecoprop, bentazona, remediação ambiental, pesticide, environmental remediation

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
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