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Estudo Geral
Master thesis . 2024
Data sources: Estudo Geral
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Dismenorreia primária: opções terapêuticas

Authors: Ferreira, Ana Rita Teló;

Dismenorreia primária: opções terapêuticas

Abstract

A dismenorreia primária é uma condição ginecológica prevalente na idade fértil e é uma das causas mais frequentes de dor pélvica na mulher. Muitas vezes é, subdiagnosticada e subtratada. Define-se pela existência de dores menstruais na ausência de uma causa orgânica. Na sua fisiopatologia identifica-se um aumento da produção de prostaglandinas a nível endometrial. Este aumento resulta num aumento da contratilidade uterina, que resulta numa diminuição do fluxo sanguíneo, com isquemia e hipóxia uterina, resultando em dor. Existem várias abordagens terapêuticas, farmacológicas e não farmacológicas. Assim sendo, é recomendada uma abordagem multidisciplinar da dor e é importante a educação das doentes. O tratamento de primeira linha é farmacológico com recurso a anti-inflamatórios não esteróides (AINEs) e contracetivos hormonais. Estes tratamentos são eficazes, sendo que os AINEs podem proporcionar uma redução da dismenorreia de 4,4 vezes maior à ausência de tratamento e, por outro lado, e dependendo do tipo de método utilizado, os contracetivos hormonais podem reduzir a dor em até 80% das mulheres.Além destes tratamentos, cada vez mais várias alternativas não farmacológicas, têm vindo a ser estudadas na abordagem da doença. A nutrição e suplementação alimentar, nomeadamente o aumento do aporte hídrico (p<0,0001) e a suplementação com vitamina D (p<0,001) ou a combinação de suplementos de ómega-3 e vitamina E (p<0,05), mostram ter um papel importante na gestão da dor. Outros métodos, tais como a aplicação de calor na região suprapúbica, a estimulação nervosa elétrica transcutânea (TENS), a acupuntura e a acupressão e ainda o exercício físico mostraram ter impacto positivo na abordagem da DP. Estes tratamentos podem ser uma opção nas doentes em que esteja contraindicado ou que recusem a utilização dos tratamentos ditos convencionais. Uma decisão informada e partilhada é a chave para uma gestão eficaz da dismenorreia a fim de maximizar a adesão e satisfação das doentes. É adequado e eficaz iniciar terapêutica empírica com AINEs e contracetivos hormonais, após discussão dos seus riscos e benefícios, visto serem os métodos mais comprovadamente eficazes na abordagem da dor na DP. Os outros tratamentos, não farmacológicos, podem ser combinados, ou usados como alternativa, no entanto, a literatura não é muito consistente quanto à sua eficácia.

Primary dysmenorrhea is a gynecological condition prevalent in childbearing age and is one of the most frequent causes of pelvic pain in women. It is often underdiagnosed and undertreated. It is defined by the existence of menstrual pain in the absence of an organic cause. In its pathophysiology, an increase in the production of prostaglandins at the endometrial level is identified. This increase results in an increase in uterine contractility, which results in a decrease in blood flow, with uterine ischemia and hypoxia, resulting in pain. There are several therapeutic approaches, pharmacological and non-pharmacological. Therefore, a multidisciplinary approach to pain is recommended and patient education is important. First-line treatment is pharmacological using non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and hormonal contraceptives. These treatments are effective, with NSAIDs being able to provide a reduction in dysmenorrhea of 4.4 times greater than without treatment and, on the other hand, and depending on the type of method used, hormonal contraceptives can reduce pain by up to 80% of the women. In addition to these treatments, various non-pharmacological alternatives are increasingly being studied to approach the disease. Nutrition and food supplementation, namely increased water intake (p<0.0001) and vitamin D supplementation (p<0.001) or the combination of omega-3 and vitamin E supplements (p<0.05), shown to have an important role in pain management. Other methods, such as the application of heat to the suprapubic region, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS), acupuncture and acupressure, as well as physical exercise, have been shown to have a positive impact on the management of PD. These treatments are an option for patients who are contraindicated or who may refuse to use the treatments mentioned here. An informed and shared decision is the key to effective management of dysmenorrhea to maximize patient compliance and satisfaction. Empirical therapeutic initiation with NSAIDs and hormonal contraceptives is appropriate and effective, after discussing their risks and benefits, as they are the most proven effective methods for treating pain in PD. Other non-pharmacological treatments can be combined, or used as an alternative, however, the literature is not very consistent regarding their effectiveness.

Trabalho Final do Mestrado Integrado em Medicina apresentado à Faculdade de Medicina

Country
Portugal
Related Organizations
Keywords

complementary therapies, tratamento não farmacológico, dismenorreia primária, dor menstrual, fisiopatologia, menstrual pain, phisiopatology, dysmenorrhea, tratamento farmacológico, drug therapy

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
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