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Estudo Geral
Master thesis . 2023
Data sources: Estudo Geral
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Relatórios de Estágio e Monografia intitulada "Compostos organofosforados: da química ao tratamento"

Authors: Félix, Ana Miguel Raposo;

Relatórios de Estágio e Monografia intitulada "Compostos organofosforados: da química ao tratamento"

Abstract

Os compostos organofosforados são usados a nível global para vários fins, nomeadamente em pesticidas devido ao seu baixo custo e elevada eficácia, contudo, representam um risco para o ambiente e para a saúde humana. Para além de estarem presentes em pesticidas, estes compostos podem ser usados como armas de guerra química, aumentando assim a preocupação do uso. São maioritariamente usados em países em desenvolvimento, onde a população possui menos capacidades económicas e por isso o uso não é tão controlado. A exposição a estes químicos representa uma ameaça à saúde humana, pois são compostos neurotóxicos que levam à acumulação do neurotransmissor acetilcolina devido à inibição da enzima acetilcolinesterase, desencadeando sinais e sintomas no doente que podem em último caso levar à morte. A intoxicação pode ocorrer por inalação, ingestão ou através da derme e são compostos facilmente bioacumuláveis devido à sua lipofilia. A terapêutica atual consiste na administração de oximas que reativam a acetilcolinesterase, atropina como anticolinérgico e benzodiazepinas como anticonvulsivantes e proteção de danos neuronais. Contudo, as terapêuticas existentes e aprovadas apresentam muitos desafios e por isso é necessário haver investigação em nova medicação. A presente monografia tem como objetivo elucidar sobre compostos organofosforados existentes, o seu uso no dia-a-dia das populações e o perigo que representam para a sociedade e ainda, esclarecer o seu principal mecanismo de ação, os seus efeitos tóxicos, explorar as terapêuticas que existem e as adversidades que estas enfrentam, olhando também para novas perspetivas que possam ser úteis no futuro para melhorar o uso destes compostos, haver mais regulamentação e se possível banir o seu uso.

Organophosphorus compounds are used worlwide for various purposes, especially in pesticides due to their low cost and high effectiveness, however, they are a risk to the environment and human health. In addition to being present in pesticides, these compounds can be used as chemical warfare agents, further increasing concerns about their use. They are predominantly used in developing countries, where the population has fewer economic resources, and therefore, their use is not well regulated. Exposure to these chemicals represents a threat to human health because they are neurotoxic compounds that lead to the accumulation of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine due to the inhibition of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, triggering signs and symptoms in the affected individual that can ultimately lead to death. Intoxication can occur through inhalation, ingestion, or dermal contact, and these compounds are easily bioaccumulated due to their lipophilic nature. Current therapy includes the administration of oximes to reactivate acetylcholinesterase, atropine as an anticholinergic agent and benzodiazepines as anticonvulsants and for protection of neuronal damage. However, currently approved therapies face many challenges, highlighting the need for research into new medications. This review aims to enlight about organophosphorus compounds, their daily use by populations, the dangers they bring to society and to clarify their main mechanism of action, toxic effects, explore the actual therapies and the challenges they face, while also looking at new perspectives that may be useful in the future to improve the use of these compounds, establishing more regulation, and if possible, ban their use.

Relatório de Estágio do Mestrado Integrado em Ciências Farmacêuticas apresentado à Faculdade de Farmácia

Country
Portugal
Related Organizations
Keywords

acetilcolina, compostos organofosforados, oximas, oximes, organophosphorus compounds, pesticides, acetylcholinesterase, acetilcolinesterase, acetylcholine, pesticidas

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
Average
Average
Green