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Estudo Geral
Master thesis . 2022
Data sources: Estudo Geral
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Abuso de Idosos

Authors: Rodrigues, Rúben Miguel Almeida;

Abuso de Idosos

Abstract

Introdução: O abuso do idoso, um problema de saúde pública mundial e uma violação dos direitos humanos, é bastante subnotificado e ocultado, e permanece uma prioridade de saúde mundial negligenciada, e um tópico tabu em Portugal, apesar de ser uma sociedade envelhecida onde cada médico contacta diariamente com vítimas. A violência interpessoal aumenta e intensifica-se durante épocas críticas, como a presente pandemia COVID-19. Objetivos: Analisar e sumariar a literatura acerca do abuso do idoso, incluindo a descrição dos fatores de risco e de vulnerabilidade, particularmente dos modificáveis, do impacto da pandemia COVID-19 e de estratégias de identificação, abordagem e prevenção. Servirá como consciencialização e guia para o profissional que contacta com o idoso. Discussão: Descrevem-se cinco tipos de abuso: abuso físico, abuso psicológico, abuso sexual, exploração financeira, e negligência. A prevalência mundial é de 15,7% de idosos vítimas; há uma subestimação, consequência da ocultação voluntária ou involuntária pelo idoso, e da subdenúncia pelos médicos por difícil diagnóstico, inexperiência e insegurança na abordagem, acoplados à problemática do segredo médico e relação médico-doente. As sequelas do abuso do idoso ultrapassam a dor e a lesão imediatas; complica com aumento da mortalidade e hospitalização e diminuição da qualidade de vida do idoso, com custos monetários individuais e nacionais. Fatores de risco e de vulnerabilidade dinâmicos devem ser abordados para prevenção ou deteção precoce; os mais importantes relacionam-se com saúde mental como demência e depressão, com saúde física devido a limitação funcional, com abuso de substâncias, e com dependência funcional, económica ou emocional. A pandemia COVID-19 permitiu a insurgência do abuso, por agravamento dos fatores de risco e vulnerabilidade e por disrupção de serviços preventivos e protetivos. Não existem descritos achados patognómicos de abuso. A literatura existente carece de respostas acerca da otimização da avaliação e abordagem; no entanto, valoriza-se a entrevista médica, de forma aberta e empática, e o juízo profissional, e prefere-se a multidisciplinaridade. O médico deve tratar as lesões ou condições agudas, assegurar a segurança imediata do idoso, e referenciar na suspeita de abuso. As condutas do abuso são incriminadas pelo Direito português e o funcionário público é obrigado à denúncia destes. Conclusão: Esta problemática tão presente e atual carece de investimento no estudo da abordagem e na formação e consciencialização. Durante a pandemia, o médico deve-se adaptar às limitações impostas, aproveitando as possibilidades da telemedicina, e deve-se priorizar a criação de políticas que protejam os idosos mais vulneráveis.

Introduction: Elder abuse, a worldwide public health problem and a violation of human rights, is highly underreported and hidden, and remains a neglected world health priority, and a taboo topic in Portugal, despite being an ageing society where every physician contact a victim daily. Interpersonal violence increases and intensifies during critical times, such as the present COVID-19 pandemic. Objectives: To analyse and summarise the literature on elder abuse, including a description of risk and vulnerability factors, particularly modifiable ones, the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, and strategies for identification, approach, and prevention. It will serve as an awareness-raising tool and guide for the professional who meets older people. Discussion: Five types of abuse are described: physical abuse, psychological abuse, sexual abuse, financial exploitation, and neglect. The worldwide prevalence is 15.7% of elderly victims; there is an underestimation, a consequence of voluntary or involuntary concealment by the elderly, and under-reporting by doctors due to difficult diagnosis, inexperience, and insecurity of approach, coupled with the problem of medical secrecy and the doctor-patient relationship. The sequelae of elder abuse go beyond immediate pain and injury; it complicates with increased mortality and hospitalisation and decreased quality of life for the elderly, with individual and national monetary costs. Dynamic risk and vulnerability factors must be addressed for prevention or early detection; the most important relate to mental health such as dementia and depression, to physical health due to functional limitation, to substance abuse, and to functional, economic, or emotional dependence. The COVID-19 pandemic has allowed abuse to emerge, by exacerbating risk and vulnerability factors and disrupting preventive and protective services. There are no described pathognomonic findings of abuse. The existing literature lacks answers about the optimisation of assessment and approach; however, open and empathic medical interview and professional judgement is valued and multidisciplinary approach is preferred. The physician should treat acute injuries or conditions, ensure the immediate safety of the older person, and refer on suspicion of abuse. Abuse conducts are incriminated by Portuguese Law and the public official is obliged to report them. Conclusion: This very present and current problem needs investment in the study of approach, in training and awareness. During the pandemic, doctors must adapt their approach to the limitations imposed, taking advantage of the possibilities of telemedicine, and priority must be given to the creation of policies that protect the most vulnerable elderly.

Trabalho Final do Mestrado Integrado em Medicina apresentado à Faculdade de Medicina

Country
Portugal
Related Organizations
Keywords

Epidemiology, Diagnóstico, Normas, Diagnosis, COVID-19, Guidelines, Epidemiologia, Elder Abuse, Abuso de Idosos

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
Average
Average
Green