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Part of book or chapter of book . 1995 . Peer-reviewed
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El alpechín: un problema mediterráneo

Authors: Cabrera, Francisco;

El alpechín: un problema mediterráneo

Abstract

[ES]: El aceite de oliva se obtiene mediante los métodos de presión en discontinuo o por el de centrifugación en continuo, en los que se producen tres fases: aceite (20%), un residuo sólido (30%) y un licor acuoso (50%). El residuo sólido (orujo), que está constituido por la pulpa y los huesos del fruto, aceite y agua, se utiliza para la extracción de aceite y, cuando está agotado (orujillo), como combustible. Otros usos del orujo y del orujillo son la alimentación animal y la producción de abonos orgánicos, composts, carbones activos y furfural. El licor acuoso, compuesto por el agua de vegetación y los tejidos blandos de las aceitunas, y el agua usada en las distintas etapas de la elaboración del aceite, constituye el alpechín. El volumen de alpechín que se produce es de 0,5-1,5 L/kg de aceituna molturada. El alpechín es un líquido oscuro compuesto por 83-94% de agua, 4-16% de materia orgánica (polisacáridos, proteínas, ácidos orgánicos, polifenoles) y 0,4-2,5% de sales (carbonatos, fosfatos, K, Na), que tiene un alto poder contaminante (DBO 35-100 g/L; DQO 45-130 g/L; CE 8-22dS/m). La eliminación de los alpechines es un problema crítico en los países mediterráneos. España es el tercer productor mundial de aceite de oliva. Andalucía produce el 80% de este aceite y un volumen medio anual de 2 x 106 m3, que representan una contaminación equivalente a 16 x 106 habitantes durante la campaña de molturación. La depuración de los alpechines por los métodos convencionales es difícil y costosa debido al contenido de polifenoles. Estos métodos sólo consiguen rebajar la DBO a 3.000 mg/L con una repercusión de 4,5-8,5 pts/kg de aceite de oliva virgen. Otras alternativas para su eliminación son la infiltración en los suelos y la aplicación agronómica a los mismos, su compostaje o co-compostaje, o el de sus lodos, con residuos agrícolas, con lo que se reciclan sus componentes. Una nueva solución al problema es la implantación de un sistema de extracción de aceite en el que se producen fundamentalmente dos fases (aceite y orujo), reduciéndose al mínimo el consumo de agua y la producción de alpechín. El nuevo orujo, que contiene 55-60% de agua y la mayor parte de los componentes del alpechín, es susceptible de los mismos usos que el orujo clásico.

[EN]: Olive oil is obtained by discontinuous press or by continuous centrifugation solid-liquid processes in which three phases are produced: olive oil (20%), solid residue (30%) and aqueous liquor(50%). The salid residue ("orujo" in Spanish) is the pressed olive cake made up of the olive husks, the stones, oil and water that is traditionally used for oil extraction and when exhausted (orujillo) is used as fuel. Other uses of the olive cake are animal feeding and the production of organic compost, active carbon and furfural. The aqueous liquor composed of the vegetation water and s. tissues of olives and the water used in the olive processing is the olive mill wastewater, OM ("alpechín" in Spanish). The quantity of OMW produced in the process ranges from 0.5 to 1.5 L of olive. OMW is a dark liquid composed by 83-94% of water, 4-16% of organic matter(polysaccharids, proteins, lignins, organic acids, polyphenols) and 0.4-2.5% of mineral salts (carbonates, phosphates, K, Na), with a high pollution potential (BOD 35-100 g/L; COD 45-130 g/L; EC 8-22 dS/m). The disposal of OMW is becoming a critical problem in Mediterranean cuntries. Spain is the third olive oil producer of the world. Andalusia produces 80% of the Spanish olive oil and its annual mean OM production amounts to 2 x 106 m3 which represents an equivalent pollution of 16 x 16 6 inhabitants the short period of the milling campaign (ca. 100 days). Because of the polyphenol content, treatment of OMW by conventional methods is difficult and expensive. These methods only achieve the reduction of BOD down to 3000 mg/L having a repercussion of 4.5-8.5 ptas ($0.03-0.06) per kg of oil. Other alternatives are land treatment/utilisation and the co-composting of OMW and composting of OM sludge with agricultural residules, in which some of the OMW components are recycled. A new solution to the OMW problem is the oil extraction by a two phase (oil and cake) process which reduction water comsumption and OMW to a minimum. The new pressed cake contains 55-60% water and major components of the OMW, being susceptible of the same uses as those of the traditional one.

14 páginas, 1 figura, 5 tablas, 47 referencias.

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selected citations
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This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
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popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
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