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The Auk
Article
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The Auk
Article . 2009 . Peer-reviewed
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The Most Extreme Sexual Size Dimorphism among Birds: Allometry, Selection, and Early Juvenile Development in the Great Bustard (Otis tarda)

Authors: Alonso López, Juan C.; Magaña, Marina; Alonso López, Javier A.; Palacín, Carlos; Martín, Carlos A.; Martín, Beatriz;

The Most Extreme Sexual Size Dimorphism among Birds: Allometry, Selection, and Early Juvenile Development in the Great Bustard (Otis tarda)

Abstract

[ES] Otis tarda es el ave con mayor dimorfismo sexual y una de las de mayor peso entre las que conservan la capacidad de vuelo. Los machos adultos capturados en España fueron 2.48 veces más pesados que las hembras y sus medidas lineales un 18–30% mayores que las de las hembras. Entre finales del invierno y la estación reproductiva el peso medio aumentó en un 16% en las hembras y en un 20% en los machos. El dimorfismo sexual se manifiesta en los pollos de esta especie a edades muy tempranas, lo que implica que los machos han de sufrir un mayor costo durante el crecimiento que las hembras. El peso y el dedo medio mostraron en los machos un desarrollo hiperalométrico en relación con la longitud alar, mientras que estas medidas fueron isométricas en las hembras. Además, dichas medidas fueron las que presentaron mayor variabilidad fenotípica de entre todos los caracteres biométricos medidos en los machos, siendo éstas también más variables en los machos que en las hembras. Aunque la hiperalometría y una mayor varianza han sido frecuentemente utilizadas como argumento para apoyar la selección sexual como fuerza evolutiva, nuestros resultados sugieren que el peso y el dedo medio han sufrido procesos evolutivos diferentes. La competencia sexual entre machos es muy marcada en esta especie, y un mayor peso facilita el acceso a las hembras. Por ello, la selección sexual ha debido favorecer un incremento del peso hasta el límite impuesto por el beneficio derivado de seguir conservando la capacidad de vuelo. Por otro lado, como Otis tarda es un ave poco propensa a volar y que se desplaza fundamentalmente caminando, la hiperalometría del dedo medio ha debido desarrollarse por selección natural, como respuesta al enorme peso, para cumplir adecuadamente la función de soporte y mantenimiento del equilibrio.

[EN] The Great Bustard (Otis tarda) is one of the heaviest flying birds and the most sexually dimorphic living bird. Adult males weighed 2.48× more than females, and their linear measurements were 18–30% larger. Weight increased between the prebreeding and breeding seasons by 16% in females and 20% in males. Sexual size dimorphism emerges very early in development and explains why growth in males is so costly. Weight and central toe length were hyperallometric when related to wing length in males but isometric in females and varied more in males, as compared with females and with other male traits. Although hyperallometry and high variability have frequently been used to invoke sexual selection as a driving force, our results support different functional hypotheses for the evolution of each trait. Male–male competition is intense in this lekking species, and high rank among males and access to females are weight-dependent. Thus, sexual selection has likely pushed male weight close to the limit imposed by powered flight. Because Great Bustards are mostly cursorial, the hyperallometry of the central toes of males in relation to wing length most likely evolved for support and balance.

The field work was financed by the Dirección General de Investigación (projects PB87- 0389, PB91-0081, PB94-0068, PB97-1252, BOS2002-01543, and CGL2005-04893), the Instituto Nacional para la Conservación de la Naturaleza, and the Direcciones Generales del Medio Natural of Madrid, Castilla y León and Andalucía. The Consejerías de Medio Ambiente of the Madrid Community, Junta de Andalucía, Junta de Castilla y León, Navarra and Aragón, and the provincial delegations of Toledo and Albacete allowed us to capture birds.

9 paginas, 1 figura y 7 tables

Peer reviewed

Keywords

Allometry, Otis tarda, Sexual selection, Great Bustard, Sexual size dimorphism., Body size

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
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