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The Astrophysical Journal
Article . 2016 . Peer-reviewed
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https://dx.doi.org/10.48550/ar...
Article . 2015
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SN REFSDAL: PHOTOMETRY AND TIME DELAY MEASUREMENTS OF THE FIRST EINSTEIN CROSS SUPERNOVA

Authors: Rodney, S. A.; Strolger, L.-G.; Kelly, P. L.; BradaÄ, M.; Brammer, G.; Filippenko, A. V.; Foley, R. J.; +12 Authors

SN REFSDAL: PHOTOMETRY AND TIME DELAY MEASUREMENTS OF THE FIRST EINSTEIN CROSS SUPERNOVA

Abstract

ABSTRACT We present the first year of Hubble Space Telescope imaging of the unique supernova (SN) “Refsdal,” a gravitationally lensed SN at z = 1.488 ± 0.001 with multiple images behind the galaxy cluster MACS J1149.6+2223. The first four observed images of SN Refsdal (images S1–S4) exhibited a slow rise (over ∼150 days) to reach a broad peak brightness around 2015 April 20. Using a set of light curve templates constructed from SN 1987A-like peculiar Type II SNe, we measure time delays for the four images relative to S1 of 4 ± 4 (for S2), 2 ± 5 (S3), and 24 ± 7 days (S4). The measured magnification ratios relative to S1 are 1.15 ± 0.05 (S2), 1.01 ± 0.04 (S3), and 0.34 ± 0.02 (S4). None of the template light curves fully captures the photometric behavior of SN Refsdal, so we also derive complementary measurements for these parameters using polynomials to represent the intrinsic light curve shape. These more flexible fits deliver fully consistent time delays of 7 ± 2 (S2), 0.6 ± 3 (S3), and 27 ± 8 days (S4). The lensing magnification ratios are similarly consistent, measured as 1.17 ± 0.02 (S2), 1.00 ± 0.01 (S3), and 0.38 ± 0.02 (S4). We compare these measurements against published predictions from lens models, and find that the majority of model predictions are in very good agreement with our measurements. Finally, we discuss avenues for future improvement of time delay measurements—both for SN Refsdal and for other strongly lensed SNe yet to come.

Countries
Spain, Denmark, United States
Keywords

Galaxies: clusters: individual (MACS J1149.6+2223), Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO), Gravitational lensing: strong, Supernovae: general, gravitational lensing: strong, FOS: Physical sciences, supernovae: individual (SN Refsdal), Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, 520, supernovae: general, galaxies: clusters: general, Supernovae: individual (SN Refsdal), Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA), galaxies: clusters: individual (MACS J1149.6+2223), Galaxies: clusters: general, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics

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selected citations
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This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
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popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
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