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Búsqueda y caracterización de sustratos fisiológicos de malina, la E3-ubiquitin ligasa implicada en la enfermedad de Lafora

Authors: Kumarasinghe, Lorena;

Búsqueda y caracterización de sustratos fisiológicos de malina, la E3-ubiquitin ligasa implicada en la enfermedad de Lafora

Abstract

[ES] La enfermedad de Lafora es una rara enfermedad genética que afecta principalmente a los adolescentes y pertenece al grupo de enfermedades conocidas como Epilepsias Mioclónicas Progresivas (PME). Es una forma fatal de epilepsia mioclónica progresiva y tiene una incidencia de menos de 4 casos en un millón de personas en todo el mundo. La LD es causada por la acumulación de inclusiones aberrantes similares al glucógeno conocidas como cuerpos de Lafora (LB), que están presentes en varios tejidos pero se encuentran predominantemente en el cerebro. Estos LB son insolubles y su agregación conduce a la toxicidad celular, generando varios síntomas neurológicos progresivos, que incluyen convulsiones de difícil control, mioclonías, ataxia, demencia y otros síntomas. Actualmente no existe una cura definitiva para la LD, y el tratamiento es principalmente sintomático y de apoyo, centrándose en controlar las convulsiones y manejar otros síntomas a medida que surgen. La enfermedad es causada por mutaciones en genes que codifican para dos proteínas diferentes: Laforin y Malin. Estas proteínas tienen diferentes funciones pero trabajan en forma compleja entre sí. Durante el doctorado, los estudios se centraron especialmente en Malina, conocida por ser una ubiquitina ligasa E3 que desempeña un papel importante en un proceso llamado ubiquitinación. Por lo tanto, la actividad de Malina convierte la enfermedad de Lafora en una enfermedad relacionada con el sistema de ubiquitinación. Se han identificado varios sustratos de Malina hasta ahora, incluidos los implicados en la acumulación de poliglucosanos, deterioro en los procesos de degradación a nivel del proteasoma y autofagia, alteración de la transmisión glutamatérgica y disfunción mitocondrial. Sin embargo, muchos mecanismos moleculares que conducen a estas condiciones necesitan mayor aclaración. La búsqueda de nuevos sustratos podría ayudar a identificar disfunciones de la enfermedad de Lafora no identificadas previamente y a una mayor comprensión de las alteraciones fisiopatológicas descritas anteriormente. Un análisis proteómico utilizando la estrategia bioUb identificó 88 candidatos potenciales diferencialmente ubiquitinados involucrados en el plegamiento de proteínas, la respuesta al choque térmico y la regulación de la función mitocondrial. Se eligieron dos proteínas, P-Rex1 y Hsp90α, para su posterior estudio debido a su alta tasa de ubiquitinación y número de péptido único en el análisis proteómico. En esta tesis, se reportarán evidencias para demostrar cómo el primer sustrato se relaciona con la enfermedad de Lafora. Se ha validado la ubiquitinación de P-Rex1 dependiente de Malina y hemos estudiado como esta modificación altera la actividad de P-Rex1 como factor intercambiador de nucleótidos de guanina (GEF) sobre la GTPasa Rac1 y en la toma de glucosa. El análisis realizado sobre este sustrato establece la génesis de una vía molecular que conduce a la alteración de la captación de glucosa, lo que podría ser uno de los orígenes de la acumulación de los poliglucosanos presentes en la enfermedad. Los experimentos realizados para Hsp90α la han validado como sustrato de Malina y, hemos hipotetizado cómo podría estar relacionada con la enfermedad.

[EN] Lafora disease (LD) is a rare genetic disease that mainly affects adolescents and belongs to the group of diseases known as Progressive Myoclonus Epilepsies (PMEs). It is a fatal form of progressive myoclonus epilepsy and has an incidence of less than 4 cases in a million people worldwide. LD is caused by the accumulation of aberrant glycogen-like inclusions known as Lafora bodies (LBs), which are present in several tissues but are predominantly found in the brain. These LBs are insoluble and their aggregation leads to cellular toxicity, generating several progressive neurological symptoms, including difficult-to-control seizures, myoclonus, ataxia, dementia, and other symptoms. There is currently no definitive cure for LD, and treatment is mainly symptomatic and supportive, focusing on controlling seizures and managing other symptoms as they arise. The disease is caused by mutations that fall onto genes that codify for two different proteins: Laforin and Malin. These proteins have different functions but work in complex with each other. My Ph.D. studies focused especially on Malin, known to be an E3 ubiquitin ligase which plays a major role in a process called ubiquitination. Therefore, Malin’s activity makes LD a disease connected to the ubiquitin system. Several substrates of Malin have been identified to date, including those involved in the accumulation of polyglucosans, impairment in the degradation processes at the level of the proteasome and autophagy, alteration of glutamatergic transmission and mitochondrial dysfunction. However, many molecular mechanisms leading to these conditions need further elucidation. The hunt for novel substrates could help to identify previously unidentified dysfunctions of Lafora disease and to gain a better understanding of the aforementioned pathophysiological alterations. A proteomic analysis using the bioUb strategy identified 88 differentially ubiquitinated potential candidates involved in protein folding, heat shock response, and regulation of mitochondrial function. Two proteins, P-Rex1 and Hsp90α, were chosen for further study due to their high ubiquitination rate and/or unique peptide number in the proteomic analysis. In this thesis, evidence will be reported in demonstrating how the first substrate is related to LD. We have validated the Malin-dependent ubiquitination of P-Rex1 and have focused on the effect of Malin on the function of P-Rex1 as a guanine-nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) in activating Rac1 GTPase and in increasing glucose uptake. The analysis conducted upon this substrate sets the genesis of the delineation of a molecular pathway that leads to altered glucose uptake, which could be one of the origins of the accumulation of the polyglucosans present in the disease. Experiments conducted for Hsp90α have validated it as a substrate of Malin, not only when it is overexpressed but also at endogenous level and, further on, we have hypothesized how it could possibly be related to the disease.

Este proyecto ha recibido financiación del Programa de Investigación e Innovación Horizonte 2020 de la Unión Europea bajo el acuerdo de subvención Marie Skłodowska-Curie No 813599, convocatoria H2020- MSCA-ITN-2018 - Innovative Training Networks 2018 del TRIM-NET A training network in drug discovery targeting TRIM ubiquitin ligases. También ha recibido financiación del proyecto PID2020-112972RB-I00 titulado “Estudio de la relación entre neuroinflamación y epilepsia: el caso de le enfermedad de Lafora”, del Programa RETOS del Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación.

Tesis doctoral, 123 páginas, en ingles y en español

Peer reviewed

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Spain
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Keywords

lafora disease, glycogen, p-rex1, UNESCO::CIENCIAS DE LA VIDA, P-Rex1, Hsp90, Lafora disease, Malin, hsp90, Lafora bodies, Glycogen, malin, lafora bodies

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This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
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This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
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