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Growing religious pluralism in early nineteenth-century Geneva: new methods for revealing hidden structures and dynamics from censuses

Authors: Oris, Michel; Ritschard, Gilbert; Perroux, Olivier;

Growing religious pluralism in early nineteenth-century Geneva: new methods for revealing hidden structures and dynamics from censuses

Abstract

[IT] Questo articolo si propone di documentare una tematica storica di grande interesse e, allo stesso tempo, di affrontare una questione metodologica. Al centro della nostra attenzione vi è la storia di Ginevra, nota come la ‘Roma calvinista’, costretta nella prima metà del XIX secolo ad aprire le porte della città agli immigranti cattolici che per secoli erano stati considerati veri e propri nemici. Imparare a vivere insieme, a organizzare la coesistenza di famiglie di antico insediamento con quelle dei ‘nuovi arrivati’ costituì un processo segnato da tensioni e rapporti di potere. La storia di Ginevra documenta la storia di una esperienza europea che si colloca all’inizio dell’Ottocento, mentre esperienze simili sono state documentate per l’America nel corso del XIX secolo, ma solo per la seconda metà del XX per le città europee. Nello specifico ci proponiamo di verificare come questa esperienza di pluralismo religioso può essere studiata grazie all’uso di censimenti storici. A tal fine, utilizziamo una metodologia statistica nuova e relativamente semplice, la cosiddetta «analisi statistica implicativa», che costituisce uno strumento efficace per svelare tendenze nascoste e identificare le variabili che polarizzano le strutture socio-economiche dominanti. Grazie a questo approccio, siamo in grado di mostrare come la religione protestante rimase dominante dal punto di vista sociale. Mentre i gruppi socio-economici appartenenti, in maniera relativamente stabile, alla religione protestante competevano per il potere, la componente cattolica non prendeva parte a questi scontri, ma cresceva demograficamente, rimanendo il più possibile nascosta. Questa ‘strategia’ di invisibilità rappresenta una tendenza opposta a quella della segmentazione dello spazio urbano (ghetti, «Little Italy», «Chinatown», ecc.) e risulta di estremo interesse perché è stata, e forse ancora è, piuttosto frequente nelle società del passato e in quelle contemporanee.

[EN] This paper has a local, a general and a methodological ambition. We deal with a specific story, that of Geneva, the ‘Calvinist Rome’, which was obliged in the first half of the nineteenth century to open its doors to immigrants, including large numbers of Catholics. Learning to live together, to organize the coexistence of the ‘old’ rooted families and the ‘newcomers’, was a process marked by tensions and power relations. From that perspective, Geneva’s history documents an European experience in the early nineteenth century, whereas most existing studies are about nineteenth century America or European cities in the second half of the twentieth century. We discuss how stories of pluralism can be addressed using population censuses as an historical source. We use statistical implicative analysis, a powerful tool that reveals hidden patterns and the variables that polarize socioeconomic structures. Using this approach, we discover that the protestant religion remained the dominant structuring principle. While relatively stable protestant socioeconomic groups competed for power, Catholics did not take part in these struggles but grew demographically, remaining as invisible as possible. It is the opposite pattern of the space segmentation (with ghettos, «Little Italy», «Chinatown», etc.). This ‘strategy’ of invisibility is of great interest because it has been, and perhaps still is, quite common in past and contemporaneous societies experiencing inmigration.

We are grateful to the Swiss National Science Foundation which funded this research through the projects 100012-105478, 112998 et 122230.

Peer reviewed

Keywords

Religion, Census, Implicative statistics, Immigrants, Geneva

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
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