A nonlinear mixed-effects modelling approach was used to model the individual tree height-diameter relationship in pyrenean oak (Quercus pyrenaica Willd.). A set of 24,627 pairs of height-diameter measurements were used to fit the model. These were taken at 950 Spanish National Forest Inventory plots embracing six different biogeoclimatic strata. Eleven biparametric nonlinear height-diameter equations were evaluated to find a local model, which only includes the dimensions of the tree as explanatory variables. After selecting the local model, a regional or generalized model was studied. The following stand variables were tested for inclusion in the model as fixed effects stand density, quadratic mean diameter, arithmetic mean diameter, dominant diameter, arithmetic mean height, dominant height and basal area. Dominant height and basal area of the stand were found to produce the most satisfactory fits in the stand model. Interregional variability was studied by including strata effects as dummy categorical variables and was analysed using the non-linear extra sum of squares method and the Lakkis-Jones test. Height-diameter models were found to be similar for the six biogeoclimatic strata. Finally, a mixed nonlinear model technique was applied to fit the definitive model. By calibrating the model it is possible to predict random components of definitive model from height measurements previously taken from a subsample of trees. The different alternatives tested reveal that only two or three trees are necessary to calibrate the model. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.