The Pyrenees are inhabited by scattered populations of earwigs of the genusCheliduraLatreille, 1825. There is some controversy about the specific assignment of these populations: while most authors assign them toC. pyrenaica(Gené, 1832), other consider thatC. aptera(Mégerlé, 1825) is also present in the Pyrenees. The main objective of this work was to revise the identity and synonyms of PyreneanChelidura. Specimens from recent fieldwork and collections (MNCN-CSIC) were used for morphological and molecular studies (cytochrome oxidase 1). All Pyrenean specimens shared similarcox1sequences, very divergent from those of AlpineC. aptera. As a consequence, the variability observed in male cerci morphology from the Pyrenees, ranging from long and slightly curved to short and very curved, corresponded toC. pyrenaica, and the presence ofC. apterain the Pyrenees can be rejected. As previously suggested by Maccagno (1933) and Fontana et al. (2021), the revision of the synonymic list uncovered the misplacement of the nameF. simplexGermar, 1825 under the synonymy ofC. aptera, while it rather represents a synonym ofC. pyrenaica(syn. nov.).Forficula simplexhas nomenclatural priority overC. pyrenaica, however both names meet the requirements of the article 23.9.1 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature to retain the prevailing usage ofC. pyrenaica(nomen protectum) overF. simplex(nomen oblitum). Additionally, we discuss the taxonomic status ofChelidura arvernaDavid & Van Herrewege, 1973stat. nov.from the French Massif Central.