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Journal of Ornithology
Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
License: Springer TDM
Data sources: Crossref
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Juvenile dispersal in an uninhabited continent: young Spanish Imperial Eagles in Africa

Authors: Virginia Morandini; Enrique González; Keith Bildstein; Miguel Ferrer;

Juvenile dispersal in an uninhabited continent: young Spanish Imperial Eagles in Africa

Abstract

[DE] In den 1960er-Jahren verschwand der Spanische Kaiseradler (Aquila adalberti) als Brutvogel aus Afrika, was mit einem generellen Rückgang seiner Populationen auf der Iberischen Halbinsel einherging. Aufgrund einer Kombination aus erfolgreichen Schutzmaßnahmen und einem allgemeinen Wandel der menschlichen Einstellung wuchs die Population Spanischer Kaiseradler auf der Iberischen Halbinsel von 103 Brutpaaren im Jahr 1980 auf über 500 Brutpaare im Jahr 2018 an. Infolgedessen stieg die Anzahl der Jungvögel, welche die Straße von Gibraltar in Richtung Afrika überqueren, in neuerer Zeit an. Die Häufigkeit und Verteilung potenzieller Beutetiere sollte das Verhalten der jungen Adler beeinflussen und könnte einen limitierenden Faktor für eine mögliche Wiederbesiedlung der Gebiete ehemaliger nordafrikanischer Populationen darstellen. Darüber hinaus ist aus Sicht des Naturschutzes die Ermittlung vorübergehend genutzter Ansiedlungsgebiete von entscheidender Bedeutung. Schutzmaßnahmen in diesen Bereichen, speziell zur Verringerung der Jungensterblichkeit, sind eine Vorbedingung für eine zukünftige Wiederansiedlung der Art als Brutvogel in Nordafrika. Hier beschreiben wir die Dismigrationsbewegungen juveniler Spanischer Kaiseradler, welche in Andalusien (Südspanien) mit GPSGSM-Sendern ausgestattet wurden, und von denen einige die Straße von Gibraltar nach Nordwestafrika überquerten, ein Gebiet, in dem es keine Wildkaninchenpopulationen gibt, welches die Hauptbeuteart des Adlers ist. Wir analysierten die Unterschiede in den Ausbreitungsmustern und im zeitweiligen Ansiedlungsverhalten zwischen den beiden Studiengebieten. In Afrika gab es stärkere Ausbreitungsbewegungen, die zeitweisen Ansiedlungsbereiche waren größer, Individuen blieben länger in den Gebieten und legten zwischen diesen weitere Strecken zurück als auf der Iberischen Halbinsel. Wir sind der Meinung, dass unsere Ergebnisse sich am besten durch die Anwendung des Grenzertragstheorems (engl.: Marginal Value Theorem) erklären lassen, welches besagt, dass Individuen ein Nahrungsgebiet verlassen, wenn dort die Beuteverfügbarkeit auf ein ähnliches Maß wie im Umland sinkt. Wir vermuten, dass der Anstieg in den Nachweisen der Art in Afrika dort zu einer Wiederbesiedlung durch Vögel aus der iberischen “Quellpopulation” führen könnte, allerdings nur, wenn die iberische Population weiterhin wächst. Wir empfehlen den Ausbau von Schutzmaßnahmen in diesen zeitweiligen afrikanischen Ansiedlungsgebieten.

[EN] The Spanish Imperial Eagle (Aquila adalberti) disappeared from Africa as a breeding species in the 1960s coincident with a general decline of their populations in the Iberian Peninsula. Because of a combination of successful conservation actions and a general change in human attitudes, the Spanish Imperial Eagle population has been increasing in Iberia from 103 pairs in 1980 to more than 500 breeding pairs in 2018. As a consequence, the number of juveniles that cross the Strait of Gibraltar into Africa has increased recently. Abundance and distribution of potential prey should affect young eagles’ behaviour and could be a limiting factor for a potential re-colonization of previous North-African populations. Additionally, determination of temporary settlement areas is crucial from a conservation point of view. Conservation actions in these areas, particularly reduction of juvenile mortality, are a priority to facilitate future reestablishment of breeding populations of the species in North Africa. Here we report on the dispersal movements of juvenile Spanish Imperial Eagles marked with GPS-GSM transmitters in Andalusia (southern Spain), some of which crossed the Strait of Gibraltar into north-western Africa, an area that does not have populations of the eagle’s main prey, the European rabbit. We analysed the differences in dispersal patterns and temporary settlement behaviour in the two study areas. We found that dispersal movements were greater, temporary settlement areas were larger, and individuals stayed longer in areas and moved greater distances among them in Africa than in Iberia. We believe that our results are best explained by applying the Marginal Value Theorem, which predicts that individuals will leave a foraging area when the availability of prey drops to similar levels of those of the surrounding environment. We suggest that the increase in the records of the species in Africa could lead to a recolonization of the species in Africa based on birds coming from the “source” Iberian population, but only if the Iberian population continues to increase. We recommend that conservation measures must be established in these temporary settlement areas in Africa.

Peer reviewed

Keywords

Aquila adalberti, Social attraction, Juvenile dispersal, Long-lived species, Temporary settlement, Movement behaviour, Spanish imperial eagle, GPS–GSM tracking, Recolonization

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
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