Gas mixing in the subsurface could have crucial implications on CO2 storage capacity and security. This study illustrates the impact of gas mixing in the “Captain X” CO2 storage site, an open saline aquifer and subset of the greater Captain aquifer, located in the Moray Firth, North Sea. The storage site hosts several abandoned hydrocarbon fields where injected CO2 could interact and mix with any remaining hydrocarbon gas left in the depleted structures. For this study, compositional simulation of CO2 injection into the Captain X storage site reservoir model was conducted to quantify the impact of mixing. Results show mixing of CO2 with the remaining trapped hydrocarbon gas makes the plume considerably less dense and more mobile. This increases the buoyancy forces acting on the plume, causing it to migrate faster towards the shallower storage boundaries and therefore, reduces the storage capacity of the site. Mixing also compromises the storage security as it mobilises the structurally trapped hydrocarbon gas from within the abandoned fields. Informed injector placement helps to manage and reduce the impact of mixing. Correct assessment of mixing is also considerably dependent on the volume and property of the trapped hydrocarbon gas. To provide a correct long term understanding of storage capacity and security, the impact of mixing, therefore, needs to be correctly considered in all large-scale CO2 storage operations.

Information taken from the Strategic UK CCS Storage Appraisal Project, funded by DECC, commissioned by the ETI and delivered by Pale Blue Dot Energy, Axis Well Technology and Costain [28]. Information contains copyright information licensed under the ETI Open Licence [28]. The ACT Acorn consortium was led by Pale Blue Dot Energy and includes Bellona Foundation, Heriot-Watt University, Radboud University, Scottish Carbon Capture and Storage (SCCS), University of Aberdeen, University of Edinburgh, and University of Liverpool. ACT Acorn, project 271500, has received funding from BEIS (UK), RCN (Norway) and RVO (Netherland), and is co-funded by the European Commission under the ERA-Net instrument of the Horizon 2020 programme. ACT Grant number 691712. Project ACT-Acorn is gratefully thanked for funding this study. Schlumberger is thanked for this use of Petrel, PVTi and Eclipse 300 software. S. Ghanbari is currently supported by the Energi Simulation. J. Alcalde is funded by MICINN (Juan de la Cierva fellowship - IJC2018-036074-I). Energi Simulation is thanked for funding the chair in reactive transport simulation held by E. Mackay.

Peer reviewed