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Sistemas inalámbricos para la monitorización continua del comportamiento de especies marinas

Authors: Sarriá Gandul, David;

Sistemas inalámbricos para la monitorización continua del comportamiento de especies marinas

Abstract

In this Thesis, new methods for monitoring marine species using optical, radio frequency and acoustic technologies have been proposed and evaluated for biological studies in the laboratory and open sea. A study of the current technologies for monitoring species has been carried out, analyzing the advantages and disadvantages of each one. Although optical technologies allow a non-contact (non-invasive) species monitoring, they require a correct positioning of the elements and they are limited to some factors such as the distance (range), the environmental conditions and the biofouling. Radiofrequency devices allow the study of species that come to the surface, or those that live in freshwater environments. But this technology is restricted in the marine environment due the high absorption of the electromagnetic signals in that environment. Acoustic devices facilitate the monitoring of species in open sea and large areas, allowing location and tracking of the animals, but this technology has to challenge different aspects such as the multipath, the temporal and spatial variation of the channel or the Doppler effect, among others. This research has been divided in three parts according the above technologies, in which have been proposed, designed and evaluated successfully different systems to monitoring species. First, the infrared detectors and low-cost cameras have been evaluated for laboratory applications. The proposal provides different solutions such the expansion and the auto configuration to make the system independent of the aquaria size. Likewise, through different algorithms proposed have been reduced false activity detections caused by changes in water quality (turbidity), the presence of particles that obstruct the line of sight between the transmitter and the receiver, and the deterioration of the transducers. In the second part of this work, solutions have been proposed using RFID (Radio Frequency IDentification) technology through the design and experimental validation of a system for tracking species in experimental aquaria. The proposal provides solutions applied to make the system independent of the aquaria size. The results have demonstrated the validity of this technology to locate and track benthic species in confined spaces with a resolution of several centimeters. Finally, the performance of a commercial acoustic monitoring system in shallow waters and near an artificial reef environment where complex and numerous reflections occur, has been evaluated. Due to the lack of standards, the incompatibility between manufacturers and the need to improve the previous results, this part of the research has been directed to build and evaluated an acoustic underwater transducer prototype and an open OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) communication platform, approaching the current advances in underwater acoustics towards the species monitoring systems. En este trabajo de Tesis se proponen y evalúan nuevos métodos para la monitorización de especies marinas, empleando tecnologías ópticas, por radiofrecuencia y acústicas para estudios biológicos en laboratorio (acuarios de experimentación) y en espacios abiertos. Se ha realizado un estudio de las tecnologías empleadas para la monitorización de especies, presentado y analizado las ventajas e inconvenientes de cada una de ellas. Aunque la tecnología óptica permite el estudio de especies sin contacto (no invasiva), requiere un correcto posicionamiento de sus elementos y está limitada por el alcance, las condiciones cambiantes del medio y la bioincrustación. Los dispositivos de radiofrecuencia permiten el estudio de especies que emergen a la superficie, o las que habitan en entornos de agua dulce; en el entorno marino esta tecnología se encuentra restringida debido a la gran absorción que sufren las señales electromagnéticas en ese medio. Los dispositivos acústicos facilitan la monitorización de especies en espacios abiertos de gran extensión, permitiendo su localización y seguimiento; sin embargo, esta tecnología presenta una gran sensibilidad a diferentes factores que impone el medio marino como el multicamino, la variación temporal y espacial del canal o el efecto Doppler, entre otros. La investigación se ha estructurado en tres partes donde, utilizando las tecnologías citadas, se han propuesto, diseñado y validado con éxito diferentes sistemas de medida. En primer lugar, se han evaluado los detectores de infrarrojos y las cámaras de bajo coste para la monitorización de especies en laboratorio. La propuesta contempla diferentes soluciones que independizan el sistema de las dimensiones del acuario, permitiendo su ampliación y configuración automática. Así mismo, mediante los algoritmos de procesado programados se han reducido las detecciones erróneas causadas por alteraciones de la calidad del agua (turbiedad), la presencia de partículas que obstruyen la línea de vista entre el par emisor-receptor y el deterioro de los transductores. En la segunda parte del trabajo de Tesis se han propuesto soluciones aplicando la tecnología RFID (Radio Frequency IDentification), mediante el diseño y validación experimental de un sistema de localización y seguimiento de especies en acuarios de experimentación. La propuesta realizada plantea mecanismos que independizan el sistema del tamaño del acuario, y permiten la autoconfiguración de sus componentes. Los resultados obtenidos han demostrado la validez de esta tecnología para localizar y seguir la trayectoria de especies bentónicas en espacios reducidos y con una resolución de varios centímetros. Finalmente, se ha evaluado el rendimiento de un equipo acústico comercial en mar abierto, a baja profundidad y en las proximidades de un entorno con arrecifes artificiales, donde ocurren complejas y numerosas reflexiones. Debido a la falta de estándares, la incompatibilidad entre fabricantes y con objeto de mejorar los resultados anteriores, en esta parte de la investigación se ha propuesto, construido y evaluado un prototipo de transductor acústico y una plataforma abierta de comunicaciones OFDM (Ortogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing), acercando la tendencia y los avances actuales en materia de comunicaciones acústicas a los sistemas de monitorización de especies marinas.

Country
Spain
Keywords

570, RFID (Radio Frequency IDentification), Sistemes d'identificació per radiofreqüència, 530, 68, Comunicaciones acústica, Comunicació sense fil, OFDM, Monitoring species, RFID, Acoustic communications, OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing), :Enginyeria electrònica [Àrees temàtiques de la UPC], Image acquisition, Comunicaciones acústicas, 621.3, Sistemes de, Comunicació sense fil, Sistemes de, Adquisición de imagen, Monitorización de especies, Detectores de infrarrojos, Detectors de raigs infraroigs, Àrees temàtiques de la UPC::Enginyeria electrònica, 531/534, Infrared detectors

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selected citations
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This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
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popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
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influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
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impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
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