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Aplicación de la fitorremediación a los suelos contaminados por metales pesados en Aznalcóllar

Authors: Bernal Calderón, María Pilar; Clemente Carrillo, Rafael; Vázquez Reina, Saúl; Walker, David James;

Aplicación de la fitorremediación a los suelos contaminados por metales pesados en Aznalcóllar

Abstract

[EN] The spill of pyrite sludge from the Aznalcóllar mine in 1998, affected 4286 ha of land, 59.7 % of which was agricultural. The main contaminants were As, Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn, their effects being exacerbated by the soil acidification caused by the oxidation of metallic sulphides. This dramatic case of soil pollution mobilised the Spanish and international scientific communities, with the aim of applying biological techniques for soil remediation based on the use of plants (phytoremediation). These were fundamental in the development of the "Green Corridor of Guadiamar" land recuperation plan by the Andalusian regional government. Difficulties arose from the multi-element contamination, the chemical instability of the contaminants and the acidic nature of the contamination. This article briefly describes some phytoremediation experiments carried out in situ in experimental plots. The feasibility of certain phytoremediation techniques has been evaluated: phytoextraction by Indian mustard, a high-biomass crop able to accumulate metals in its aerial parts, in combination with the improvement of soil properties by the application of organic and calcareous amendments, and phytoimmobilisation using white lupin, a leguminous species tolerant of heavy metals due to their immobilisation in the roots and, to a certain degree, tolerant of soil acidity.

[ES] El vertido de lodo pirítico procedente de la mina de Aznalcóllar en 1998 afectó a 4286 ha de suelo de los que el 59,7 % eran suelos agrícolas. Los principales elementos responsables de la contaminación fueron As, Cd, Cu, Pb, y Zn, junto con la acidificación de los suelos causada por la oxidación de los sulfuros metálicos. Este caso dramático de contaminación supuso un extraordinario movimiento de la comunidad científica española y extranjera, que permitió poner en práctica técnicas biológicas de recuperación basadas en el uso de plantas (fitorremediación), que permitiera el desarrollo del plan del Corredor Verde del Guadiamar por la Junta de Andalucía. La dificultad del caso estriba en la contaminación múltiple, la escasa estabilidad química de los contaminantes y su carácter acidificante. Este trabajo muestra brevemente algunos trabajos de fitorremediación realizados in situ en parcelas de experimentación. Se ha evaluado la utilidad de diversas técnicas: la fitoextracción mediante mostaza india, una planta agrícola de alta biomasa capaz de acumular los metales en su parte aérea, junto con la mejora de los suelos mediante enmiendas orgánicas y calizas; y la fitoinmovilización mediante el altramuz, que es una leguminosa tolerante a los metales por exclusión en sus raíces y a ciertas condiciones de acidez del suelo.

La investigación descrita en este artículo ha sido financiada por el MEC (REN2001-1114-C02-01 y 02, CTM2004-06715-C02-01 y 02) y por la Junta de Andalucía. Las semillas de altramuz fueron cedidas por Ing. Gil Aragón (SIDT) y de la mostaza india por Dr. A. de Haro (IAS-CSIC). La Oficina del Corredor del Guadiamar (Consejería de Medio Ambiente, Junta de Andalucía) cedió el uso de la parcela experimental.

Peer reviewed

Country
Spain
Keywords

Fitoinmovilización, Phytoimmobilisation, Phytoextraction, Environmental sciences, Heavy metals, Pyritic sludge, Soil contamination, Suelos contaminados, GE1-350, Fitoextracción, Metales pesados, Lodo pirítico

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
Average
Average
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gold