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Doctoral thesis
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Recolector de Ciencia Abierta, RECOLECTA
Doctoral thesis . 2016 . Peer-reviewed
License: CC BY NC ND
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Doctoral thesis
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Doctoral thesis . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
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Doctoral thesis . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
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Thesis . 2017
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Doctoral thesis . 2016
License: CC BY NC ND
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Variable-stiffness joints with embedded force sensor for high-performance wearable gait exoskeletons

Authors: Cestari, Manuel;

Variable-stiffness joints with embedded force sensor for high-performance wearable gait exoskeletons

Abstract

The growing field of exoskeletons and wearable devices for walking assistance and rehabilitation has advanced considerably over the past few years. The current use of commercial devices is in-hospital rehabilitation of spinal cord injured, nevertheless the purpose of this technology is challenging: to provide gait assistance in daily life activities to the broadest segment of neurological disorders affecting walking and balance. A number of difficulties make this goal a challenge, but to name a few: (1) The degenerative character of the majority of neurological disorders and the very complex symptomatology associated to the disease requires an intelligent exoskeleton able to self-adapt to the disease; (2) The assistance to daily life activities requires a gait exoskeleton for particular use provided with energy autonomy for –at least- a journey. The causes for current commercial devices for not approaching this capabilities are mostly related to the nature and control approach of the joint actuation systems. Currently, commercial devices contain joints with stiff actuators that cannot adapt to unpredictable environments. These actuators consume more energy and may not be appropriate for human–machine interactions. Adjustable compliant actuators are being designed and implemented because of their ability to minimize large forces due to shocks, to safely interact with the user, and their ability to store and release energy in passive elastic elements. Many simulation-based researches have been performed evaluating the benefits of incorporating compliant joints in robotic exoskeletons. Spasticity and spasmodic movements are common between patients with motor deficiencies; and it comes from this research that compliant actuators could efficiently absorb these perturbations and improve the joints control. This PhD thesis aims at advancing beyond the State of the Art in joint actuation systems for gait exoskeletons with the purposes of: enabling joint adaptation to variable symptomatology and improving energy efficiency, and adaptability during walking. By analyzing the biomechanics of locomotion, the characteristics and requirements of the main joints involved in the dynamic locomotion cycle are identified and analyzed. This doctoral work presents the design and development of two novel compliant actuators intended to fulfill the requirements for actuating joint exoskeletons. The main feature of the novel systems is that the compliant elements simultaneously allow measuring of the torque exerted by the joint. Conceived as force-controlled compliant actuators, these actuators with Adjustable Rigidity and Embedded Sensor, ARES and ARES-XL are intended to be implemented in the joints of the ATLAS pediatric exoskeleton. The resulting device is a force controlled-compliant exoskeleton for children with neuromuscular diseases which allow the exploitation of the intrinsic dynamic during the locomotion cycle. ARES capabilities are presented and evaluated, proving its torque tracking capabilities at different stiffness levels. The versatile operation of the joints such as the knee, could be emulated, and exploited by providing the elements that can control the use of the energy stored in the appropriate phases of the gait. ARES-XL allows the implementation of an add-on locking mechanism to this system, in combination with its zero stiffness capability and large deflection range. The evaluation of the system proves how this design exceeds the main capabilities of the original realization, as well as providing versatile actuation that could lead to its implementation in multiple joints. During this work an assessment of the compliant exoskeleton was performed by walking under certain constrains. Comparing the behavior of the joints under different stiffness conditions, the inherent compliant of the presented actuators showed natural adaptability during the gait cycle, and regions of shock absorption. The work developed in this PhD thesis is expected to continue being implemented in exoskeleton, and robotic prosthetics applications in a research and commercial level. Several publications in relevant journals, and international conferences have been published as a consequence of the research performed during this PhD work. There are currently three patents product of this research, they are being commercially exploited by a SME specialized on robotics for healthcare. Future works will focused in the optimization of the size and weight of the compliant systems, combined with the development and implementation of control strategies adapted to the specific users and environment conditions, for energy efficiency and more natural gaits. RESUMEN El creciente campo de exoesqueletos y dispositivos portátiles de asistencia al caminado y rehabilitación ha avanzado considerablemente en los últimos años. Hoy en día, el uso actual de los dispositivos comerciales se centra en la rehabilitación de lesionados medulares en el hospital, sin embargo, el propósito retador de esta tecnología: proporcionar asistencia a la marcha en las actividades de la vida diaria al amplio grupo de trastornos neurológicos que afectan al caminar y el equilibrio. Un número de dificultades hacen que este objetivo un desafío, para nombrar unos pocos: (1) El carácter degenerativa de la mayoría de los trastornos neurológicos y la muy compleja sintomatología asociada a la enfermedad requiere un exoesqueleto inteligente capaz de auto-adaptarse a la patología; (2) La asistencia a las actividades de la vida diaria requiere un exoesqueleto de marcha para su uso particular, siempre con la autonomía energética para -al menos- un viaje. Las razones por las que los dispositivos comerciales actuales no se acercan a esta capacidad son en su mayoría relacionados con el enfoque de la naturaleza y el control de los sistemas de actuación articular. En la actualidad, los dispositivos comerciales presentan articulaciones con actuadores rígidos que no permiten adaptarse a entornos impredecibles. Estos actuadores pueden consumir más energía y pueden no ser apropiados para la interacción hombre-máquina. Actuadores adaptables están siendo diseñados e implementados debido a su capacidad para reducir al mínimo las fuerzas debido a choques, por su capacidad de interactuar de forma segura con el usuario, así como su capacidad para almacenar y liberar energía en elementos elásticos. Muchos estudios basados en simulaciones han evaluado los beneficios de incorporar articulaciones adaptables en los exoesqueletos. Movimientos espasmódicos y espasticidad son comunes entre los pacientes con deficiencias motoras; y debido a estos estudios actuadores adaptables pueden absorber eficientemente estas perturbaciones y mejorar el control de las articulaciones. Este trabajo doctoral apunta a avanzar más allá del estado del arte en sistemas de actuación articular para exoesqueletos de marcha con los propósitos de: permitir la adaptabilidad de las articulaciones a distintas sintomatologías y mejoras en la eficiencia energética, así como brindar mayor adaptabilidad durante el caminado. Mediante el análisis de la biomecánica de la locomoción, se han identificado y analizado las características y requerimientos de las principales articulaciones involucradas en el ciclo de locomoción dinámica. Este trabajo doctoral presenta el diseño y desarrollo de dos novedosos actuadores adaptables que cumplen con los requisitos para la actuación de las articulaciones de exoesqueletos. La característica principal de los nuevos sistemas es que los elementos que permiten la adaptabilidad, simultáneamente permiten la medición del par ejercido por la articulación. Concebido como actuadores adaptables controlados en fuerza, estos actuadores con rigidez ajustable y sensor incorporado, ARES y ARES-XL están destinados a ser implementados en las articulaciones del exoesqueleto pediátrico ATLAS. El dispositivo resultante es un exoesqueleto adaptable y controlado en fuerza, para niños con enfermedades neuromusculares que permite la explotación de la dinámica intrínseca durante el ciclo de locomoción. Las capacidades de ARES son presentadas y evaluadas, demostrando sus capacidades de medición de par del motor a diferentes niveles de rigidez. La versatilidad de las articulaciones, como en el caso de la rodilla, puede ser emulada y aprovechada al incorporar elementos que puedan controlar el uso de la energía almacenada en las fases apropiadas de la marcha. ARES-XL permite la implementación de un mecanismo de bloqueo en combinación con su capacidad de cero rigidez y gran rango de deflexión. La evaluación del sistema demuestra cómo este diseño excede las principales capacidades de la realización original, a su vez el nuevo sistema proporciona una actuación versátil que podría conducir a su aplicación en múltiples articulaciones. Durante este trabajo una evaluación del exoesqueleto-adaptable se realizó caminando bajo ciertas restricciones mecánicas. Comparando el comportamiento de las articulaciones a diferentes condiciones de rigidez, la adaptabilidad inherente de los actuadores presentados mostró adaptabilidad natural durante el ciclo de la marcha, y regiones de absorción de choque. Se espera que el trabajo desarrollado en esta tesis doctoral continúe implementándose en aplicaciones de exoesqueletos y prótesis robóticas, a nivel de investigación y comercial. Varias publicaciones en revistas relevantes y conferencias internacionales han sido publicadas como consecuencia de la investigación llevada a cabo durante este trabajo de doctorado. Actualmente hay tres patentes producto de esta investigación, que están siendo explotados comercialmente por una PYME especializada en robótica para la salud. Los trabajos futuros se centrarán en la optimización del tamaño y peso de los sistemas de actuación adaptables, combinado con el desarrollo e implementación de estrategias de control adaptadas a los usuarios específicos y condiciones del entorno, con el objetivo de mejoras en la eficiencia energética y un andar más natural.

Country
Spain
Keywords

Exoskeletons, Robótica, Biomecánica, Ingeniería Industrial, Mecánica

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This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
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popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
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This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
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