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Molecular survey of Apicomplexan parasites in reptiles from Socotra (Yemen)

Authors: Maia, Joao P. M. C.; Vasconcelos, Raquel; Santos, Xavier; Llorente, Gustavo A.; Carranza, Salvador;

Molecular survey of Apicomplexan parasites in reptiles from Socotra (Yemen)

Abstract

[PT] Os parasitas representam uma grande componente da biodiversidade, mas apenas uma pequena fracção de espécies foram descritas. Estudos moleculares recentes continuam a detectar níveis de diversidade inesperados, especialmente ao analisar hospedeiros endémicos de regiões pouco amostradas, como a Arábia. O arquipélago de Socotra é o maior grupo de ilhas da Arábia e o mais diverso biologicamente, tendo sido declarado Património Mundial da Humanidade em 2008 pela UNESCO. Separou-se do continente há cerca de 17 milhões de anos e alberga fauna e flora únicas, incluindo 31 espécies de répteis, das quais 29 são endémicas. Neste estudo rastreamos a presença de parasitas Apicomplexos em 496 amostras de répteis de Socotra, utilizando primers específicos para um fragmento do gene 18S rRNA, de um total de seis famílias de lagartos (n=428) e quatro famílias de serpentes (n=58). Três géneros de parasitas Apicomplexos foram detectados: Hepatozoon, Lankesterella e Sarcocystis. Os níveis de prevalência mais elevados para Hepatozoon e Sarcocystis foram encontrados na família Scincidae (37% e 17%, respectivamente), enquanto a prevalência de Lankesterella foi baixa no geral, tendo sido maior em lacertídeos (3%). Estes padrões de infecção podem estar relacionados com o comportamento dos hospedeiros, hábitos alimentares e uso generalista de habitats de algumas espécies de escincídeos e lacertídeos. Para Hepatozoon, foram detectados seis haplótipos com um máximo de 3% de divergência genética entre eles. Estes agruparam na mesma linhagem composta por várias espécies de Hepatozoon encontradas em répteis e roedores de várias regiões geográficas, incluindo répteis da Arábia (Omã) e Ásia. Estes haplótipos foram encontrados por todo o arquipélago, excepto um encontrado exclusivamente na ilha de Abd al Kuri. Para Lankesterella, foram detectados dois haplótipos com 6% de divergência genética, um basal ao complexo de espécies de Lankesterella, e outro idêntico a Lankesterella sp. encontrado em Acanthodactylus erythrurus (Espanha) e relacionado com Lankesterella sp. de répteis do Omã. Para Sarcocystis, foram detectados quatro haplótipos com um máximo de 2% de divergência genética entre dois clades. No primeiro, dois hapló tipos agruparam com Sarcocystis sp. de serpentes e lagartos da Arábia e África, tais como Psammophis schokari (Algeria), Lytorhynchus diadema (Omã) e Tracheloptychus petersi (Madagáscar). O outro clade com dois haplótipos agrupa com Sarcocystis lacertae de lagartos europeus (Eslováquia), e Sarcocystis sp. de lagartos árabes Pristurus rupestris (Omã) e serpentes africanas Malpolon monspessulanus (Tunísia). Os nossos resultados reforçam a importância de rastrear parasitas em hospedeiros selvagens de regiões remotas e da necessidade de considerar a ecologia do hospedeiro para melhorar a compreensão da dinâmica da transmissão de doenças entre taxa.

[EN] Parasites represent a major component of biodiversity, however only a small fraction of parasite species have been described so far. Recent molecular studies have shown that unexpected diversity levels are still being discovered, in particular when analysing the parasite fauna of endemic hosts from poorly sampled regions, such as Arabia. The Socotra Archipelago is the largest and biologically most diverse group of islands in Arabia and it was recognized by UNESCO as a World Natural Heritage site in 2008. It separated from the mainland about 17 million years ago and hence harbours unique fauna and flora that includes 31 reptile species, of which 29 are endemic. In this study we screened 496 reptile samples from Socotra for the presence of Apicomplexan parasites using specific primers for a 18S rRNA fragment, from a total of six lizard families (n=428) and four snake families (n=58). Three genera of Apicomplexan parasite genera were detected: Hepatozoon, Lankesterella and Sarcocystis. The highest levels of prevalence of Hepatozoon and Sarcocystis were found in skinks (37% and 17%, respectively), while Lankesterella prevalence was low overall, with a higher incidence in lacertids (3%). These patterns of infection could be related with host behaviour, food habits and generalist use of habitats of some skink and lacertid species. For Hepatozoon, a total of six haplotypes were detected with 3% of maximum genetic divergence between them. These all cluster in the same composed of several Hepatozoon species mainly found in reptiles and rodents from various geographic locations, including haplotypes found in Arabian (Oman) and Asian reptiles. These haplotypes were distributed across the archipelago, except for one only found in Abd al Kuri Island. For Lankesterella, two haplotypes with 6% genetic divergence were de tected, one basal to the Lankesterella species complex and the other identical to a Lankesterella sp. found in Acanthodactylus erythrurus lizards (Spain), sister taxa to Lankesterella sp. from Omani reptiles. For Sarcocystis four haplotypes with 2% of maximum genetic divergence were detected within two clades. The first clade, with two haplotypes that clustered in a group with Sarcocystis sp. found in Arabian and African snakes and lizards, such as Psammophis schokari (Algeria), Lytorhynchus diadema (Oman) and Tracheloptychus petersi (Madagascar). The other clade with two haplotypes clustered in a group with Sarcocystis lacertae from European lizards (Slovakia), and Sarcocystis sp. from the Arabian lizard Pristurus rupestris (Oman) and the African snake Malpolon monspessulanus (Tunisia). Our results emphasize the importance of screening parasites in wild hosts from remote regions and need to consider host ecology to better understand disease transmission dynamics across different taxa.

Trabajo presentado en el XIV Congreso Luso-Español de Herpetología (CLEH2016), XVIII Congreso Español de Herpetología (Challenges of Herpetology in the XXI century), celebrado en Lleida del 5 al 8 de octubre de 2016.

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selected citations
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This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
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popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
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influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
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impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
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