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Invertebrados marinos alóctonos en el Mar Menor

Authors: Gimenez-Casalduero, Francisca; Ramos-Esplá, Alfonso A.; Izquierdo Muñoz, Andrés; Gomariz Castillo, Francisco José; Martínez Hernández, Francisco J.; González-Carrión, Francisco;

Invertebrados marinos alóctonos en el Mar Menor

Abstract

La configuración actual del Mar Menor es consecuencia de sucesivos procesos geomorfológicos, resultado de la dinámica natural. Sin embargo, a partir del S. XVIII, es la actividad humana la principal fuerza motriz de su transformación. Cada uno de estos cambios ha ido acompañado de transformaciones en la configuración paisajística lagunar y alteraciones en la estructura de las comunidades. La conexión artificial entre la laguna y el mar Mediterráneo, elimina o suaviza algunas de las barreras ecológicas entre ambas masas de agua, provocando que parámetros como la salinidad o la temperatura tiendan a acercarse. Esto lleva a la eliminación de las barreras ambientales y permite la entrada y el establecimiento de nuevas especies en la laguna. Algunas de estas especies alóctonas compiten con las especies nativas desplazándolas y cambiando el paisaje típico lagunar. De las decenas de especies que llegan a la laguna, todas ellas alóctonas, algunas de ellas se consideran invasoras. A pesar de los impactos evidentes, los efectos de la mayoría de las especies alóctonas siguen siendo desconocidos. Las consecuencias de una invasión a menudo no son fáciles de predecir. Especies habituales en el Mediterráneo como las medusas Cotylorhiza tuberculata (Macri, 1778) y Rhizostoma Pulmo (Macri, 1778) entraron a partir de los años 90’s con proliferaciones masivas, e incluso algunas de alto valor ecológico como la nacra Pinna nobilis (Linnaeus, 1758). Y en los últimos años otras calificadas como invasoras en el Mediterráneo como el ctenóforo Mnemiopsis leidy Agassiz, 1865, la babosa Bursatella leachii De Blainville 1817 o el sabélido Branchiomma bairdi (McIntosh, 1885); se encuentran de forma habitual. La mayoría de ellas entran a través del canal del Estacio y Las Encañizadas, también actividades como la pesca deportiva son el vector de entrada de especies en forma de cebos vivos, como la coreana Perinereis linea (Treadwell, 1936). Por otra parte, adheridas a los cascos de las embarcaciones entran multitud de especies que encontraron en los diques y escolleras su espacio vital. Desde el comienzo de la proliferación de puertos en el litoral de la laguna, aparecen especies como el balano Amphibalanus amphitrite (Darwin, 1854). Las embarcaciones son un vector permanente y continuo de entrada de especies, como la esponja Haliclona (Haliclona) oculata (Linnaeus, 1759), el briozoo Bugulina stolinifera (Ryland, 1960), o las ascidias Ciona intestinalis (Linneaeus, 1767) y Styela canopus (Savigny, 1816), todas ellas citadas como especies alóctonas del Mediterráneo. Muchas de ellas provocan importantes impactos ambientales y socioeconómicos, afectando de una manera directa al sector turístico.

The current configuration of the Mar Menor lagoon is the result of a series of geomorphologic processes brought about by natural dynamics. However, from the 18th century onwards human activity has been the main driving force behind its transformation. Each of these changes has prompted alterations in the lagoon’s landscape and changes in its community structure. The artificial connection between the lagoon and the Mediterranean Sea has eliminated or lowered some of the ecological barriers between the two bodies of water, reducing differences between the values of parameters such as salinity or temperature. This in turn has led to the disappearance of environmental barriers, allowing new species to enter and establish themselves in the lagoon. Numerous alien species, some of which can be considered invasive, compete with native species, driving them out and changing the traditional landscape of the lagoon. Despite the obvious effect on the environment, the real impact of most alien species remains unknown and the consequences of an invasion are often not easy to predict. The 1990s saw the arrival of species commonly found in the Mediterranean Sea, such as the jellyfish Cotylorhiza tuberculata (Macri, 1778) and Rhizostoma Pulmo (Macri, 1778), in the form of massive blooms, or of other species that play an important ecological role, such as the noble pen shell Pinna nobilis (Linnaeus, 1758). In recent years other species, this time considered invasive in the Mediterranean, such as the comb jelly Mnemiopsis leidy (Agassiz, 1865), the sea hare Bursatella leachii (De Blainville, 1817) or the fan worm Branchiomma bairdi (McIntosh, 1885), have also become commonplace. Most of them enter the lagoon through the El Estacio channel, although activities such as angling are the vector of entry of species in the form of live bait, such as the Korean ragworm Perinereis linea (Treadwell, 1936). Numerous species have also arrived on the hulls of ships and subsequently made their home in docks and breakwaters: ever since harbours and ports began to proliferate on the coast of the lagoon species such as the barnacle Amphibalanus amphitrite (Darwin, 1854) have started to appear. Vessels are a constant and continuous input vector for species such as the sponge Haliclona (Haliclona) oculata (Linnaeus, 1759), the bryozoan Bugula stolinifera (Ryland, 1960) or the sea squirts Ciona intestinalis (Linneaeus, 1767) and Styela canopus (Savigny, 1816), all cited as alien species in the Mediterranean. Many of them have a significant environmental and socio-economic impact, with negative consequences for the tourist industry.

Instituto Español de Oceanografía

Keywords

Fulvia fragilis, Bursatella leachii, Branchioma bairdi, Biología Marina, Especies alóctonas, Mar Menor, Perinereis linea, Pinna nobilis

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
Average
Average
Green