Powered by OpenAIRE graph
Found an issue? Give us feedback
addClaim

Integrating research and Inuit knowledge: critical approaches to archaeology in the Canadian arctic

Authors: Gadoua, Marie-Pierre;

Integrating research and Inuit knowledge: critical approaches to archaeology in the Canadian arctic

Abstract

Dans cette étude qui porte sur l'univers culturel et social des Inuits thuléens (A.D. 1250-1400), nous avons développé une forme innovatrice d'engagement entre la recherche anthropologique et archéologique, et la communauté inuite. Nous avons effectué des analyses d'artefacts provenant de trois sites archéologiques de l'Île Somerset au Nunavut, (Qariaraqyuk PaJs-2, Learmonth PeJr-1, Cape Garry PcJq-5) en nous basant sur les connaissances d'aînés inuits en matière de culture matérielle traditionnelle. Pour ce faire, nous avons examiné les archives d'histoire orale de l'Inullariit Elders Society à Igloolik, et organisé des discussions de groupe autour de collections inuites au Musée McCord avec des aînés inuits en visite médicale à Montréal. Suivant la méthode de l'analogie ethnographique entre les Inuits contemporains et leurs ancêtres thuléens, ces perspectives ont servi à identifier les divers rôles joués par les objets du quotidien (armes de chasse, outils de couture, couteaux personnels, ornements, et amulettes) dans les stratégies d'affirmation identitaire personnelle et sociale, de renforcement des liens familiaux et communautaires, ainsi que dans les processus de différentiation sociale chez les Inuits. Nous avons mis à jour des réseaux sociaux hautement complexes parmi trois villages thuléens, où la vie socioculturelle était centrée sur la chasse à la baleine boréale, ainsi que le commerce et l'accumulation de richesses matérielles (le fer météorite, le cuivre natif, l'ambre, et ivoire). Notre recherche a révélé au sein de chaque village des alliances interfamiliales reflétées dans les schèmes d'établissements et la distribution des attributs stylistiques de leurs artefacts. Nous avons observé une intensification des interactions sociales autour des kariyiit, les habitations associées aux rituels et cérémonies de la chasse à la baleine. Nous avons démontré que les mécanismes de différentiation sociale à l'intérieur de chaque village étaient liées d'une part à la participation à la chasse à la baleine, et d'autre part à l'apport de ressources complémentaires (ex : matières premières et nourriture d'origine exogène). Dans une perspective régionale, nous avons découvert que les villages les plus riches et hiérarchisés à l'interne étaient également ceux qui sont situés les plus près les uns des autres. Pour ces communautés, l'équilibre socio-économique était atteint au plan des relations et interactions entre les villages. À l'opposé, nos analyses ont démontré qu'un village isolé accumulait moins de richesses matérielles, mais jouissait d'un meilleur équilibre social à l'interne, notamment au plan des rapports hommes-femmes. En plus de contribuer à l'avancement de ces connaissances archéologiques, notre approche collaborative a participé activement à la mise en valeur des savoirs culturels des participants inuits, tout en offrant une activité culturellement pertinente et socialement inclusive pendant leur séjour médical à Montréal.

In this study on the social and cultural life of Thule Inuit (A.D. 1250-1400), I have developed an innovative form of collaboration between archaeological and anthropological research, and the Inuit community. I conducted stylistic analyses of artefacts from three archaeological sites on Somerset Island in Nunavut (Qariaraqyuk PaJs-2, Learmonth PeJr-1, Cape Garry PcJq-5) based on Inuit elders' knowledge about their traditional material culture. To do so, I examined oral history archives from the Inullariit Elders Society in Igloolik and I organised group discussions around Inuit collections at the McCord Museum with Inuit elders visiting Montreal for medical reasons. Following the method of ethnographic analogy between contemporary Inuit and their Thule Inuit ancestors, the elders' perspectives were used to identify the various roles played by everyday life objects (hunting equipment, sewing paraphernalia, personal knives, body and clothing ornaments and amulets) in the construction of personal and group identities, the maintenance of family and community relations and processes of social differentiation among Inuit and their ancestors. I shed light on highly complex social networks within and between three Thule Inuit villages, in which life was centred on bowhead whale hunting, as well as the trade and accumulation of material wealth (meteoric iron, native copper, amber and ivory). I found that occupants of each village formed interfamilial alliances that were reflected in the settlement patterns and the distribution of the artefacts' stylistic attributes. I observed an intensification of social interactions around the kariyiit, the ceremonial dwellings associated with the whale hunt. I also found that the mechanisms for social differentiation within each village were not only linked to the participation in whaling activities, but also to the gathering of complementary resources (ex: locally scarce materials and food). From a regional perspective, I found that the wealthier and internally more differentiated villages were also the ones that were settled in clusters. These communities reached a socio-economic equilibrium in these external social networks, between villages. Contrarily, I observed that an isolated village showed less accumulation of material wealth, but a better internal socio-economic equilibrium, notably at the gender level. Besides the contribution to archaeological knowledge, my collaborative approach participated actively in the valorisation of Inuit elders' traditional knowledge, while offering them an activity that was culturally relevant and socially inclusive during their medical stay in Montreal.

Savelle, James M. (Supervisor2)

Nicole Couture (Supervisor1)

Country
Canada
Related Organizations
Keywords

Anthropology

  • BIP!
    Impact byBIP!
    selected citations
    These citations are derived from selected sources.
    This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
    0
    popularity
    This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
    Average
    influence
    This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
    Average
    impulse
    This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
    Average
Powered by OpenAIRE graph
Found an issue? Give us feedback
selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
Average
Average
Upload OA version
Are you the author of this publication? Upload your Open Access version to Zenodo!
It’s fast and easy, just two clicks!