The article examines Martin Luther’s understanding of theological method. The author proceeds from the possibility of dividing the theological method in a broad and narrow sense. In a broad sense, it implies paying research attention to the intentional predisposition of the actor performing the theological act. In a narrow sense, it is a set of specific rational practices and instrumental procedures. The author’s research attention is aimed at understanding the method in a broad sense in Luther. The available sources allow us to identify the most important religious precondition, which further determine the theological method and the way it functions in Luther. The most important should include: a) understanding theology not as a human word about God, but as the Word with which God addresses man; b) the need to recognize God as a unique Subject of theology, and the impossibility of considering Him only as an object of theological discourse; c) understanding theology not as a theology of substances, but a theology of relations, the relationship between a righteous God and a sinful man; d) affirmation of Jesus Christ as the only criterion of theology and the Cross as the event in which God reveals himself to the highest degree; e) from the human perspective, faith, understood as the presence of the Holy Spirit, is the only possible position for someone who aspires to engage in theological research. A consequence of this approach is Luther’s conception of a hierarchy of criteria used in theological work: a) Revelation in Jesus Christ; b) Church dogmas; c) the judgments of academic theologians. The activity of academic theology is, first and foremost, critical, as it protects against the emergence of a possible conflict between Revelation in Christ and the ecclesiastical practical life of the believing community.