
These three exciting areas of research, apparently disjointed in content, have similar basic mechanisms in common which can be described by the same mathematical principles, concepts, and methods. Scientific problems will be discussed in all three areas. Emphasis will be placed on galaxies, where observational data are plentiful for checking the theory. A unified mathematical approach applicable to all three areas will then be described.
| selected citations These citations are derived from selected sources. This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically). | 0 | |
| popularity This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network. | Average | |
| influence This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically). | Average | |
| impulse This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network. | Average |
