This chapter presents an overview of osteological evidence for the aurochs in the European Pleistocene and early Holo- cene. Some of the most important aurochs assemblages from Pleistocene and early Holocene Europe are described, from the time of the earliest evidence of this species on the continent, at around 650,000 years ago, through to the end of the Mesolithic period, setting them within their climatic and cultural context. Information on body size is also presented with a reassessment of previous data using new dates for some sites. Limitations are discussed and possible directions for future research proposed.