The 21st century is characterized by a rapid increase in technological applications which involve the design and development of materials with tailored properties that manifest and take advantage of scientific developments from the region of modern physics. In medicine and biology there is a need of new materials that are biocompatible and exhibit similar biological behavior to that of several types of human tissue. In structural engineering there are new approaches for the production of concrete materials that can withstand tension, can self-repair and self-monitor structural damage. Organic semiconductors and devices based on nanoma‐ terials unfold new dimensions in optoelectronics, information technology and renewable energy applications.