Interest in phytoplankton diversity has increased in recent years due to its possible role in regulating climate by production and consumption of greenhouse gases. For example, gases can diffuse across the air-sea interface, many of which are synthesized and emitted by certain phytoplankton species or groups. It has been suggested that these variations play an important role in moderating our climate through backscattering of solar radiation and within cloud formation. Climate will ultimately control fundamental environmental conditions that regulate algal growth, including water temperature, nutrients, and light and thus can be expected to result in changes in the species composition, trophic structure and function of marine ecosystems. In the past several decades, the scientific community has witnessed changes in phytoplankton distribution. The marine phytoplankton community is diverse and includes on the order of tens of thousands of phytoplankton species (Jeffrey & Vesk 1997). On regional scales, phytoplankton biogeography is controlled by the physical, chemical, and meteorological characteristics that force ecosystem dynamics. There is a renewed impetus for new technologies to provide information about the phytoplankton community composition over global scales. Real-time, large-scale taxonomic information, if available, could open up new possibilities and approaches geared toward monitoring highly-dynamic oceanic processes and phenomena such as algal blooms (including harmful algal blooms), frontal structures, eddies, and episodic events (storms, river outflow, and wind mixing). Phytoplankton diversity information provides a valuable quantitative database for structuring sophisticated predictive models that includes taxonomic phytoplankton community information such as size spectra, probability distribution of taxa, and upper trophic level estimations including fisheries productivity (Cheson & Case 1986, De Angelis & Waterhouse 1987). There have been several reviews and books written on phytoplankton community structure, dynamics, and biogeochemistry as measured by ocean color (Mitchell 1994, Martin 2004, Mueller et al. 2004, Miller et al. 2005, Richardson and LeDrew 2006, Longhurst 2007, Robinson 2010).