Since its medieval beginnings, in modern capitalism markets have tended to be ordered and regulated, and this usually helped economic development. Starting with the Scholastic Heritage my chapter focuses on select aspects of market regulation that kept reoccurring, from the Renaissance to the twentieth century, and the role that political economy assigned to governments intervening with the aim of strengthening markets and improving market performance. My aim is not so much to emphasise continuity over historical change. To the historian everything changes, all the time. Rather I would draw attention to recurring strategies of economic order that continued to shape capitalism, from the twelfth century to the present day. I focus on three specific areas of intervention: (1) monetary regulation, i.e. governance of coins, currency and financial markets; (2) industrial policy, and (3) urban market regulation, Modern capitalism built on strategies of economic order that had been invented, applied and modified centuries before modern capitalism even came to exist. This calls in question notions of earlier “medieval” market morality; if medieval forms of market regulation survived into the modern period, we also need to change our narratives of capitalism, morality and economic order altogether. A longue durée view certainly helps.