Pupa sulcata (Gmelin, 1791) (Figs 2B–C, 4B, 5B, 6B, 7B, 8B, 9) Voluta sulcata Gmelin, 1791: 3436. Type locality: undetermined. Tornatella glabra Reeve, 1842a: 60; 1842b: 148, pl. 206, fig. 12. Type locality: Negros Island, Philippines. Type material. Voluta sulcata — original type material untraceable; Tornatella glabra — 3 syntypes, dry shells, 22– 24 mm long (NHMUK 196956). Material examined. Infernet Reef, Koumac, New Caledonia (20°36.7′S, 164°14.7′E), 5 m depth [Koumac 2.1 stn. KR301], 6 Sep 2018, 1 specimen 18.5 mm long (shell) (MHNH IM-2013-86147, isolate KF71). Interior of the Great Reef, Koumac, New Caledonia (20°38.3′S, 164°12.4′E), 7–15 m depth [Koumac 2.1 stn. KR607, soft bottom], 05 Sep 2018, 1 specimen 13 mm long (shell) (MHNH IM-2013-86145, isolate KF73). Koumac lagoon, New Caledonia (20°38.5′S, 164°13.1′E), 15 m depth [Koumac 2.1 stn. KR616, soft bottom], 12 Sep 2018, 1 specimen 14 mm long (shell) (MHNH IM-2013-86146, isolate KF74). Interior of the Great Reef, Koumac, above the Fallipes, New Caledonia (20°32.3′S, 164°04.5′E), 7 m depth [Koumac 2.1 stn. KR621], 20 Sep 2018, 1 specimen 15 mm long (shell) (MHNH IM-2013-86160, isolate KF75). Interior of the Great Reef, Koumac, New Caledonia (20°48.4′S, 164°17′E), 3 m depth [Koumac 2.3 stn. KR1037], 12 Nov 2019, 1 specimen 17 mm long (shell) (MHNH IM-2013- 86165, isolate KF110). External morphology. Body elongated, narrower anteriorly (Fig. 2B–C). Cephalic shield deeply notched longitudinally, with two elongate posterior extensions covering anterior end of shell. Foot extending beyond cephalic shield laterally. Body color translucent white, with numerous opaque white dots scattered all over dorsal surface of cephalic shield, foot. Shell solid, oval to elongate, widest mid-length, with convex sides, rounded anterior end (Fig. 9). Body whorl large, about 5/6–7/8 of total length. Spire short, conical, with 4 whorls. Suture slightly channeled. Aperture elongate, wider anteriorly, narrowing gradually towards posterior end, ending at 1/5–1/8 of the posterior end of first whorl. Columellar margin thickened, slightly oblique, with large, channeled anterior fold starting at anterior end of aperture; smaller, simple posterior fold located about aperture mid-length, separated from anterior fold by short gap. Apex of all specimens examined damaged, protoconch not observed. Sculpture composed of numerous punctuated spiral grooves. Punctuations conspicuous, irregular, oval, situated next to each other, fused together, within each groove. Grooves separated by gaps much wider than grooves. Shell color white, with bands of reddish-brown or grey to black. Irregular, zig-zagging patches situated on gaps between punctuated spiral grooves—more densely arranged in some specimens—all over shell. Two bands on body whorl with either lighter colored patches or no patches at all. Posterior whorls either red or white. Punctuated spiral grooves often edged in reddish orange. Operculum translucent, oval to elongate, with faint transverse striations (Fig. 4B). Internal morphology. Reproductive system with large, elongate penis, wider towards distal end, otherwise indistinct (Fig. 5B). Digestive system with elongate buccal mass (Fig. 6B). Oral tube conical, connected to long, convoluted buccal bulb.Short salivary glands, esophagus, connected on proximal end of buccal bulb. Radular formula 99 × 5.0. 5 in a 14 mm long specimen (MHNH IM-2013-86146). Lateral teeth similar in shape, increasing in size gradually towards outer edge (Fig. 7B). Teeth triangular, with broad base; elongate, curved, sharp cusp; 3–4 denticles similar to cusp in shape, shorter. Jaws with elongate elements, bearing 3–7 short projections apically (Fig. 8B). Geographic range. Widespread in the tropical Indo-West Pacific region (Rudman, 1998b; Gosliner et al., 2018). Remarks. Gmelin (1791: 3436) introduced the new name Voluta sulcata Gmelin, 1791 based on Martini’s (1773: 124, pl. 43, figs. 440–441) illustration and description of “ Auricula Midae non fimbriata ” and his own description “volute shell compressed, oval-oblong grooved white and yellow-spotted, columella biplicata.” The illustration by Martini (1773: pl. 43, figs. 440–441) is consistent with the current usage of the name Pupa sulcata (see Wells & Bryce, 1993; Rudman, 1998b) as it represents a shell with two conspicuous columellar folds and a pattern of irregular, zig-zagging patches. In the same work, Gmelin (1791: 3455) described a second species with the name Voluta sulcata Gmelin, 1791, this time based on Chemnitz’s (1787 –88: 234, pl. 150, fig. 1407) illustration and description of “ Turricula Longitudinaliter Sulcata,” which is a synonym of Pusia microzonias (Lamarck, 1811) (Family Costellariidae) (see Cernohorsky, 1978). Two probable syntypes of this species remain (NHMD 229656). Cernohorsky (1978) “disposed of” Voluta sulcata Gmelin, 1791: 3455 as a primary homonym of Voluta sulcata Gmelin, 1791: 3436. According to the ICZN (1999: Article 52.3), the relative precedence of homonyms (including primary and secondary homonyms in the case of species-group names) is determined by applying the relevant provisions of the Principles of Priority and the First Reviser. In this context, Cernohorsky (1978) clearly applied the Principle of the First Reviser giving priority to Voluta sulcata Gmelin, 1791: 3436 (ICZN, 1999: Article 24.2.2). Reeve (1842a) introduced the name Tornatella glabra Reeve, 1842 based on an undermined number of specimens collected by Mr. Cuming on Negros Island, Philippines, and illustrated by Reeve (1842b: pl. 206, fig. 12). Reeve (1842a) described the shells of this species as ovate, white, with transverse striations, and gray to black spots; spire raised, with a sharp apex; columella biplicate, with two lobes. Reeve (1842a) commented that T. glabra has been previously confused with the similar species Tornatella solidula but it could be distinguished by being more highly polished and also because it “is stamped with a certain peculiarity of character by which it cannot fail to be recognised.” The illustration of the shell Reeve (1842b: pl. 206, fig. 12) clearly represent a species of Pupa with greyish spots and long, black, continuous longitudinal lines on a white background. Brazier (1878) reported T. glabra from New Caledonia under the binomen Buccinulus glaber. Pilsbry (1893) considered T. glabra as a synonym of T. sulcata as he regarded the latter is a highly variable species in shell color. This opinion is here supported by the examination of photographs of the remaining syntypes of T. glabra (Fig. 9A–C), which are clearly conspecific with the material here assigned to P. sulcata.

Published as part of Valdés, Ángel, Feliciano, Kendall & Malaquias, Manuel A. E., 2023, The genus Pupa Röding, 1798 (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Acteonidae) in New Caledonia with notes on Recent species, pp. 471-506 in Zootaxa 5270 (3) on pages 480-481, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5270.3.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7860353