This study examines chronic airflow obstruction, characterized by a persistent and irreversible limitation of respiratory flow. It is primarily associated with diseases such as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and originates from pathological structural changes in the airways, lung parenchyma, and blood vessels. The research details the conceptual and anatomical aspects of this condition, with a focus on its histopathological bases. Chronic airflow obstruction is clinically defined by a progressive reduction in respiratory capacity, measured through spirometry. It originates from a chronic inflammatory process affecting small airways, alveoli, and pulmonary vessels, leading to significant structural remodeling. The most notable findings include goblet cell hyperplasia, peribronchiolar fibrosis, and alveolar destruction, characteristic of emphysema.