Lemongrass oil, derived from the Cymbopogon species, has been traditionally utilized for its diverse therapeutic properties. This review aims to consolidate and evaluate the scientific evidence regarding its antifungal and antibacterial activities. Lemongrass oil is rich in bioactive compounds, particularly citral, which is primarily responsible for its potent antimicrobial effects. Various in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated the efficacy of lemongrass oil against a broad spectrum of bacterial and fungal pathogens. The mechanisms of action include disruption of microbial cell membranes, inhibition of biofilm formation, and interference with microbial enzyme systems. The review also explores the potential applications of lemongrass oil in clinical and agricultural settings, emphasizing its role as a natural alternative to synthetic antimicrobials. Safety profiles and potential resistance issues are also discussed. The findings support the integration of lemongrass oil in antimicrobial strategies, highlighting its promise in combating infections and enhancing food safety.