Vulpes vulpes (Linnaeus 1758) [Canis] vulpes Linnaeus 1758, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., Vol. 1: 40. Type Locality: "Europa, Asia, Africa, antrafodiens," restricted by Thomas (1911 a) to " Sweden (Upsala).". Vernacular Names: Red Fox. Subspecies:: Subspecies Vulpes vulpes subsp. vulpes Linnaeus 1758 Subspecies Vulpes vulpes subsp. abietorum Merriam 1900 Subspecies Vulpes vulpes subsp. alascensis Merriam 1900 Subspecies Vulpes vulpes subsp. alpherakyi Satunin 1906 Subspecies Vulpes vulpes subsp. anatolica Thomas 1920 Subspecies Vulpes vulpes subsp. arabica Thomas 1902 Subspecies Vulpes vulpes subsp. atlantica Wagner 1841 Subspecies Vulpes vulpes subsp. bangsi Merriam 1900 Subspecies Vulpes vulpes subsp. barbara Shaw 1800 Subspecies Vulpes vulpes subsp. beringiana Middendorff 1875 Subspecies Vulpes vulpes subsp. cascadensis Merriam 1900 Subspecies Vulpes vulpes subsp. caucasica Dinnik 1914 Subspecies Vulpes vulpes subsp. crucigera Bechstein 1789 Subspecies Vulpes vulpes subsp. daurica Ognev 1931 Subspecies Vulpes vulpes subsp. deletrix Bangs 1898 Subspecies Vulpes vulpes subsp. dolichocrania Ognev 1926 Subspecies Vulpes vulpes subsp. dorsalis J. E. Gray 1838 Subspecies Vulpes vulpes subsp. flavescens J. E. Gray 1843 Subspecies Vulpes vulpes subsp. fulvus Desmarest 1820 Subspecies Vulpes vulpes subsp. griffithi Blyth 1854 Subspecies Vulpes vulpes subsp. harrimani Merriam 1900 Subspecies Vulpes vulpes subsp. hoole Swinhoe 1870 Subspecies Vulpes vulpes subsp. ichnusae Miller 1907 Subspecies Vulpes vulpes subsp. indutus Miller 1907 Subspecies Vulpes vulpes subsp. jakutensis Ognev 1923 Subspecies Vulpes vulpes subsp. japonica J. E. Gray 1868 Subspecies Vulpes vulpes subsp. karagan Erxleben 1777 Subspecies Vulpes vulpes subsp. kenaiensis Merriam 1900 Subspecies Vulpes vulpes subsp. kurdistanica Satunin 1906 Subspecies Vulpes vulpes subsp. macroura Baird 1852 Subspecies Vulpes vulpes subsp. montana Pearson 1836 Subspecies Vulpes vulpes subsp. necator Merriam 1900 Subspecies Vulpes vulpes subsp. niloticus E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 1803 Subspecies Vulpes vulpes subsp. ochroxantha Ognev 1926 Subspecies Vulpes vulpes subsp. palaestina Thomas 1920 Subspecies Vulpes vulpes subsp. peculiosa Kishida 1924 Subspecies Vulpes vulpes subsp. pusilla Blyth 1854 Subspecies Vulpes vulpes subsp. regalis Merriam 1900 Subspecies Vulpes vulpes subsp. rubricosa Bangs 1898 Subspecies Vulpes vulpes subsp. schrenckii Kishida 1924 Subspecies Vulpes vulpes subsp. silacea Miller 1907 Subspecies Vulpes vulpes subsp. splendidissima Kishida 1924 Subspecies Vulpes vulpes subsp. stepensis Brauner 1914 Subspecies Vulpes vulpes subsp. tobolica Ognev 1926 Subspecies Vulpes vulpes subsp. tschiliensis Matschie 1907 Distribution: Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Belarus, Belgium, Bhutan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, China, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Egypt, Estonia, Finland, France, Geogria, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, India, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia, Moldova, Mongolia, Morocco, Nepal, Netherlands, North and South Korea, Norway, Pakistan, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Serbia and Montenegro, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, USA (Alaska, throughout most of the contiguous 48 states except central plains and SW deserts), Uzbekistan, Vietnam. Introduced to Australia (Corbet and Hill, 1980). Conservation: CITES – Appendix III (India) as V. vulpes griffithi, V. v. montana and V. v. pusilla; IUCN – Lower Risk (lc). Discussion: Reviewed by Larivière and Pasitschniak (1996). Synonyms allocated according to Larivière and Pasitschniak (1996).

Published as part of Wilson, Don E. & Reeder, DeeAnn, 2005, Order Carnivora, pp. 532-628 in Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1, Baltimore :The Johns Hopkins University Press on page 585, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519